Improve constructor/destructor tracking

This commit rewrites the examples that look for constructor/destructor
calls to do so via static variable tracking rather than output parsing.

The added ConstructorStats class provides methods to keep track of
constructors and destructors, number of default/copy/move constructors,
and number of copy/move assignments.  It also provides a mechanism for
storing values (e.g. for value construction), and then allows all of
this to be checked at the end of a test by getting the statistics for a
C++ (or python mapping) class.

By not relying on the precise pattern of constructions/destructions,
but rather simply ensuring that every construction is matched with a
destruction on the same object, we ensure that everything that gets
created also gets destroyed as expected.

This replaces all of the various "std::cout << whatever" code in
constructors/destructors with
`print_created(this)`/`print_destroyed(this)`/etc. functions which
provide similar output, but now has a unified format across the
different examples, including a new ### prefix that makes mixed example
output and lifecycle events easier to distinguish.

With this change, relaxed mode is no longer needed, which enables
testing for proper destruction under MSVC, and under any other compiler
that generates code calling extra constructors, or optimizes away any
constructors.  GCC/clang are used as the baseline for move
constructors; the tests are adapted to allow more move constructors to
be evoked (but other types are constructors much have matching counts).

This commit also disables output buffering of tests, as the buffering
sometimes results in C++ output ending up in the middle of python
output (or vice versa), depending on the OS/python version.

example/object.h

@@ -2,15 +2,16 @@
 #define __OBJECT_H
 
 #include <atomic>
+#include "constructor-stats.h"
 
 /// Reference counted object base class
 class Object {
 public:
     /// Default constructor
-    Object() { }
+    Object() { print_default_created(this); }
 
     /// Copy constructor
-    Object(const Object &) : m_refCount(0) {}
+    Object(const Object &) : m_refCount(0) { print_copy_created(this); }
 
 	/// Return the current reference count
 	int getRefCount() const { return m_refCount; };
@@ -37,11 +38,17 @@ protected:
 	/** \brief Virtual protected deconstructor.
 	 * (Will only be called by \ref ref)
 	 */
-	virtual ~Object() { }
+	virtual ~Object() { print_destroyed(this); }
 private:
     mutable std::atomic<int> m_refCount { 0 };
 };
 
+// Tag class used to track constructions of ref objects.  When we track constructors, below, we
+// track and print out the actual class (e.g. ref<MyObject>), and *also* add a fake tracker for
+// ref_tag.  This lets us check that the total number of ref<Anything> constructors/destructors is
+// correct without having to check each individual ref<Whatever> type individually.
+class ref_tag {};
+
 /**
  * \brief Reference counting helper
  *
@@ -55,37 +62,43 @@ private:
 template <typename T> class ref {
 public:
 	/// Create a nullptr reference
-    ref() : m_ptr(nullptr) { std::cout << "Created empty ref" << std::endl; }
+    ref() : m_ptr(nullptr) { print_default_created(this); track_default_created((ref_tag*) this); }
 
     /// Construct a reference from a pointer
 	ref(T *ptr) : m_ptr(ptr) {
-        std::cout << "Initialized ref from pointer " << ptr<< std::endl;
 	    if (m_ptr) ((Object *) m_ptr)->incRef();
+
+        print_created(this, "from pointer", m_ptr); track_created((ref_tag*) this, "from pointer");
+
 	}
 
 	/// Copy constructor
     ref(const ref &r) : m_ptr(r.m_ptr) {
-        std::cout << "Initialized ref from ref " << r.m_ptr << std::endl;
         if (m_ptr)
             ((Object *) m_ptr)->incRef();
+
+        print_copy_created(this, "with pointer", m_ptr); track_copy_created((ref_tag*) this);
     }
 
     /// Move constructor
     ref(ref &&r) : m_ptr(r.m_ptr) {
-        std::cout << "Initialized ref with move from ref " << r.m_ptr << std::endl;
         r.m_ptr = nullptr; 
+
+        print_move_created(this, "with pointer", m_ptr); track_move_created((ref_tag*) this);
     }
 
     /// Destroy this reference
     ~ref() {
-        std::cout << "Destructing ref " << m_ptr << std::endl;
         if (m_ptr)
             ((Object *) m_ptr)->decRef();
+
+        print_destroyed(this); track_destroyed((ref_tag*) this);
     }
 
     /// Move another reference into the current one
 	ref& operator=(ref&& r) {
-        std::cout << "Move-assigning ref " << r.m_ptr << std::endl;
+        print_move_assigned(this, "pointer", r.m_ptr); track_move_assigned((ref_tag*) this);
+
 		if (*this == r)
 			return *this;
 		if (m_ptr)
@@ -97,7 +110,8 @@ public:
 
 	/// Overwrite this reference with another reference
 	ref& operator=(const ref& r) {
-        std::cout << "Assigning ref " << r.m_ptr << std::endl;
+        print_copy_assigned(this, "pointer", r.m_ptr); track_copy_assigned((ref_tag*) this);
+
 		if (m_ptr == r.m_ptr)
 			return *this;
 		if (m_ptr)
@@ -110,7 +124,8 @@ public:
 
 	/// Overwrite this reference with a pointer to another object
 	ref& operator=(T *ptr) {
-        std::cout << "Assigning ptr " << ptr << " to ref" << std::endl;
+        print_values(this, "assigned pointer"); track_values((ref_tag*) this, "assigned pointer");
+
 		if (m_ptr == ptr)
 			return *this;
 		if (m_ptr)