Add py::set_error(), use in updated py::exception<> documentation (#4772)

* Copy clang 17 compatibility fixes from PR #4762 to a separate PR.

* static py::exception<> -> static py::handle

* Add `py::set_error()` but also try the suggestion of @malfet (https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/106401#pullrequestreview-1559961407).

* clang 17 compatibility fixes (#4767)

* Copy clang 17 compatibility fixes from PR #4762 to a separate PR.

* Add gcc:13 C++20

* Add silkeh/clang:16-bullseye C++20

* chore(deps): update pre-commit hooks (#4770)

updates:
- [github.com/psf/black: 23.3.0 → 23.7.0](https://github.com/psf/black/compare/23.3.0...23.7.0)
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.276 → v0.0.281](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.276...v0.0.281)
- [github.com/asottile/blacken-docs: 1.14.0 → 1.15.0](https://github.com/asottile/blacken-docs/compare/1.14.0...1.15.0)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* docs: Remove upper bound on pybind11 in example pyproject.toml for setuptools (#4774)

* docs: Remove upper bound on pybind11 in example pyproject.toml for setuptools

* Update docs/compiling.rst

---------

Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <HenrySchreinerIII@gmail.com>

* Provide better type hints for a variety of generic types (#4259)

* Provide better type hints for a variety of generic types

* Makes better documentation
* tuple, dict, list, set, function

* Move to py::typing

* style: pre-commit fixes

* Update copyright line with correct year and actual author. The author information was copy-pasted from the git log output.

---------

Co-authored-by: Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve <rwgk@google.com>
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* Use `py::set_error()` everywhere possible (only one special case, in common.h).
Overload `py::set_error(py::handle, py::handle)`.
Change back to `static py::handle exc = ... .release();`
Deprecate `py::exception<>::operator()`

* Add `PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE` for INTEL and MSVC (and sort alphabetically).

* `PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_INTEL(10441)` does not work.

For ICC only, falling back to the recommended `py::set_error()` to keep the testing simple.

It is troublesome to add `--diag-disable=10441` specifically for test_exceptions.cpp, even that is non-ideal because it covers the entire file, not just the one line we need it for, and the value of exercising the trivial deprecated `operator()` on this one extra platform is practically zero.

* Fix silly oversight.

* NVHPC 23.5.0 generates deprecation warnings. They are currently not treated as errors, but falling back to using `py::set_error()` to not have to deal with that distraction.

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Keto D. Zhang <keto.zhang@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <HenrySchreinerIII@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Dustin Spicuzza <dustin@virtualroadside.com>

tests/cross_module_interleaved_error_already_set.cpp

@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ namespace {
 namespace py = pybind11;
 
 void interleaved_error_already_set() {
-    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "1st error.");
+    py::set_error(PyExc_RuntimeError, "1st error.");
     try {
         throw py::error_already_set();
     } catch (const py::error_already_set &) {
         // The 2nd error could be conditional in a real application.
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "2nd error.");
+        py::set_error(PyExc_RuntimeError, "2nd error.");
     } // Here the 1st error is destroyed before the 2nd error is fetched.
     // The error_already_set dtor triggers a pybind11::detail::get_internals()
     // call via pybind11::gil_scoped_acquire.