Add py::module_local() attribute for module-local type bindings

This commit adds a `py::module_local` attribute that lets you confine a
registered type to the module (more technically, the shared object) in
which it is defined, by registering it with:

    py::class_<C>(m, "C", py::module_local())

This will allow the same C++ class `C` to be registered in different
modules with independent sets of class definitions.  On the Python side,
two such types will be completely distinct; on the C++ side, the C++
type resolves to a different Python type in each module.

This applies `py::module_local` automatically to `stl_bind.h` bindings
when the container value type looks like something global: i.e. when it
is a converting type (for example, when binding a `std::vector<int>`),
or when it is a registered type itself bound with `py::module_local`.
This should help resolve potential future conflicts (e.g. if two
completely unrelated modules both try to bind a `std::vector<int>`.
Users can override the automatic selection by adding a
`py::module_local()` or `py::module_local(false)`.

Note that this does mildly break backwards compatibility: bound stl
containers of basic types like `std::vector<int>` cannot be bound in one
module and returned in a different module.  (This can be re-enabled with
`py::module_local(false)` as described above, but with the potential for
eventual load conflicts).

tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ set(PYBIND11_TEST_FILES
   test_eval.cpp
   test_exceptions.cpp
   test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp
+  test_local_bindings.cpp
   test_methods_and_attributes.cpp
   test_modules.cpp
   test_multiple_inheritance.cpp
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ string(REPLACE ".cpp" ".py" PYBIND11_PYTEST_FILES "${PYBIND11_TEST_FILES}")
 # doesn't include them) the second module doesn't get built.
 set(PYBIND11_CROSS_MODULE_TESTS
   test_exceptions.py
+  test_local_bindings.py
 )
 
 # Check if Eigen is available; if not, remove from PYBIND11_TEST_FILES (but