Created using [mini-swe-agent](https://mini-swe-agent.com) and the propmt:
I'd like to find usages of PYBIND11_MODULE in the docs folder and add py::mod_gil_not_used() as a third argument if there ar
e only two arguments. These are examples, and it's really a good idea to always include that now.
I removed a few of the changes.
Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
* Squashed prepv300/manuscript — 30b9c268aeb98308ea42aaccfd5fe454e173c6fc — 2025-03-30 14:56:03 -0700 [skip ci]
[Browse prepv300/manuscript tree](30b9c268ae)
[Browse prepv300/manuscript commits](30b9c268ae/)
* docs: update changelog
Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
* docs: upgrade guide CMake suggestions
Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
* Explain type_caster_enum_type_enabled, copyable_holder_caster_shared_ptr_with_smart_holder_support_enabled, move_only_holder_caster_unique_ptr_with_smart_holder_support_enabled in Upgrade guide.
* Add a small section for py::bind_vector, py::bind_map & py::smart_holder
* Fix tiny oversight: Reference back to the current release v2.13 (not v2.12)
* Remove sentence: Using self._pybind11_conduit_v1_() ... should keep extension compatibility.
This isn't true, because we also modernized `PYBIND11_PLATFORM_ABI_ID`
(which I believe was absolutely necessary). I think it'll be too complicated
to explain that here, and there is a mention in the Upgrade guide.
* Changelog: combine #4953 and #5439
* Trivial whitespace/formatting fixes/enhancements.
* chore: add more to deprecation page
Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
* docs: update for recent additions
Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
* docs: fixes and set rc1 version
Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
* fix: support rc versions
Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
* Undo erroneous copilot change: We need to use `detail::enable_if_t`, for compatibility with C++11 and C++14.
* Empty lines cleanup.
* Rewording of "CMake support now defaults to ..." paragraph.
* Add missing backticks in upgrade guide.
* Try :ref:deprecated instead of :doc:deprecated
* docs: last bit of polish
Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
* Piggy-back trivial whitespace cleanup that was missed in PR #5669
---------
Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
* Added weak_ptr test (currently failing)
* Cleanup
* [skip ci] Simplify test case.
* Add test_class_sp_trampoline_weak_ptr.cpp,py (using std::shared_ptr as holder). Tweak test_class_sh_trampoline_weak_ptr.py to pass, with `# THIS NEEDS FIXING` comment.
* Resolve clang-tidy errors
```
/__w/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_class_sh_trampoline_weak_ptr.cpp:23:43: error: the parameter 'sp' is copied for each invocation but only used as a const reference; consider making it a const reference [performance-unnecessary-value-param,-warnings-as-errors]
23 | void set_wp(std::shared_ptr<VirtBase> sp) { wp = sp; }
| ^
| const &
4443 warnings generated.
```
```
/__w/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_class_sp_trampoline_weak_ptr.cpp:23:43: error: the parameter 'sp' is copied for each invocation but only used as a const reference; consider making it a const reference [performance-unnecessary-value-param,-warnings-as-errors]
23 | void set_wp(std::shared_ptr<VirtBase> sp) { wp = sp; }
| ^
| const &
4430 warnings generated.
```
* PYPY, GRAALPY: skip last part of test_weak_ptr_base
* Rename test_weak_ptr_base → test_weak_ptr_owner
* Add SpOwner, test_with_sp_owner, test_with_sp_and_wp_owners
* Modify py::trampoline_self_life_support semantics: if trampoline class does not inherit from this class, preserve established Inheritance Slicing behavior.
rwgk reached this point with the help of ChatGPT:
* https://chatgpt.com/share/68056498-7d94-8008-8ff0-232e2aba451c
The only production code change in this commit is:
```
diff --git a/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h b/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h
index d4f9a41e..f3d45301 100644
--- a/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h
+++ b/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h
@@ -776,6 +776,14 @@ struct load_helper : value_and_holder_helper {
if (released_ptr) {
return std::shared_ptr<T>(released_ptr, type_raw_ptr);
}
+ auto *self_life_support
+ = dynamic_raw_ptr_cast_if_possible<trampoline_self_life_support>(type_raw_ptr);
+ if (self_life_support == nullptr) {
+ std::shared_ptr<void> void_shd_ptr = hld.template as_shared_ptr<void>();
+ std::shared_ptr<T> to_be_released(void_shd_ptr, type_raw_ptr);
+ vptr_gd_ptr->released_ptr = to_be_released;
+ return to_be_released;
+ }
std::shared_ptr<T> to_be_released(
type_raw_ptr, shared_ptr_trampoline_self_life_support(loaded_v_h.inst));
vptr_gd_ptr->released_ptr = to_be_released;
```
* Remove debug printf in include/pybind11/pybind11.h
* Resolve MSVC error
```
11>D:\a\pybind11\pybind11\tests\test_class_sp_trampoline_weak_ptr.cpp(44,50): error C2220: the following warning is treated as an error [D:\a\pybind11\pybind11\build\tests\pybind11_tests.vcxproj]
11>D:\a\pybind11\pybind11\tests\test_class_sp_trampoline_weak_ptr.cpp(44,50): warning C4458: declaration of 'sp' hides class member [D:\a\pybind11\pybind11\build\tests\pybind11_tests.vcxproj]
D:\a\pybind11\pybind11\tests\test_class_sp_trampoline_weak_ptr.cpp(54,31):
see declaration of 'pybind11_tests::class_sp_trampoline_weak_ptr::SpOwner::sp'
```
* [skip ci] Undo the production code change under 4638e017b6
Also undo the corresponding test change in test_class_sh_trampoline_weak_ptr.py
But keep all extra debugging code for now.
* [skip ci] Introduce lambda in `WpOwner::set_wp` bindings, but simply cast to `std::shared_ptr<VirtBase>` for now.
* Add `py::potentially_slicing_shared_ptr()`
* Add `type_id<T>()` to `py::potentially_slicing_shared_ptr()` error message and add test.
* test_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr.cpp,py (for smart_holder only)
* Generalize test_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr.cpp,py for testing with smart_holder and std::shared_ptr as holder.
* Add back test_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr_not_convertible_error(), it got lost accidentally in commit 56d23dc478
* Add simple trampoline state assertions.
* Resolve clang-tidy errors.
```
/__w/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr.cpp:30:9: error: 'magic_token' should be initialized in a member initializer of the constructor [cppcoreguidelines-prefer-member-initializer,-warnings-as-errors]
29 | trampoline_is_alive_simple(const trampoline_is_alive_simple &other) {
| : magic_token(other.magic_token)
30 | magic_token = other.magic_token;
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/__w/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr.cpp:33:9: error: 'magic_token' should be initialized in a member initializer of the constructor [cppcoreguidelines-prefer-member-initializer,-warnings-as-errors]
32 | trampoline_is_alive_simple(trampoline_is_alive_simple &&other) noexcept {
| : magic_token(other.magic_token)
33 | magic_token = other.magic_token;
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
```
* Add a (long) C++ comment for py::potentially_slicing_shared_ptr<>()
* [skip ci] Add new "Avoiding Inheritance Slicing and ``std::weak_ptr`` surprises" section in advanced/classes.rst
* [skip ci] Add introductory comment to test_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr.py
* Minimal (!) changes to have py::potentially_slicing_weak_ptr<T>(handle) as the public API. For CI testing, before changing the names around more widely, and the documentation.
* Rename test_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr.cpp,py → test_potentially_slicing_weak_ptr.cpp,py
* Update docs/advanced/classes.rst and C++ comments → potentially_slicing_weak_ptr
* Write "shared_ptr" instead of just "pointer" in a couple places in docs/advanced/classes.rst
* Add comment for force_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr in type_caster_base.h, to make a direct connection py::potentially_slicing_weak_ptr
---------
Co-authored-by: Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve <rgrossekunst@nvidia.com>
* Strictly enforce: trampoline must inherit from trampoline_self_life_support when used in combination with smart_holder
* Simplify test_class_sh_trampoline_basic.cpp,py (only one Abase is needed now)
* Replace obsolete sophisticated `throw value_error()` with a simple `assert()`
* Strictly enforce: trampoline should inherit from trampoline_self_life_support only if used in combination with smart_holder
* Resolve clang-tidy error
```
/__w/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_class_sh_trampoline_basic.cpp:35:46: error: the parameter 'obj' is copied for each invocation but only used as a const reference; consider making it a const reference [performance-unnecessary-value-param,-warnings-as-errors]
35 | int AddInCppSharedPtr(std::shared_ptr<Abase> obj, int other_val) {
| ^
| const &
```
* Disable new static_assert if PYBIND11_RUN_TESTING_WITH_SMART_HOLDER_AS_DEFAULT_BUT_NEVER_USE_IN_PRODUCTION_PLEASE is defined.
* Pure `git merge --squash smart_holder` (no manual interventions).
* Remove ubench/ directory.
* Remove include/pybind11/smart_holder.h
* [ci skip] smart_ptrs.rst updates [WIP/unfinished]
* [ci skip] smart_ptrs.rst updates continued; also updating classes.rst, advanced/classes.rst
* Remove README_smart_holder.rst
* Restore original README.rst from master
* [ci skip] Minimal change to README.rst, to leave a hint that this is pybind11v3
* [ci skip] Work in ChatGPT suggestions.
* Change macro name to PYBIND11_RUN_TESTING_WITH_SMART_HOLDER_AS_DEFAULT_BUT_NEVER_USE_IN_PRODUCTION_PLEASE
* Add a note pointing to the holder reinterpret_cast.
* Incorporate suggestion by @virtuald: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/5542#discussion_r1967000989
* Systematically change most py::class_ to py::classh under docs/
* Remove references to README_smart_holder.rst
This should have been part of commit eb550d03d3.
* [ci skip] Fix minor oversight (``class_`` -> ``py::class_``) noticed by chance.
* [ci skip] Resolve suggestion by @virtuald
https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/5542#discussion_r1969940605
* [ci skip] Apply suggestions by @timohl (thanks!)
* https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/5542#discussion_r1970714551
* https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/5542#discussion_r1971315329
* https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/5542#discussion_r1971322821
* Replace `classh : class_` inhertance with `using`, as suggested by @henryiii
https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/5542#issuecomment-2689034104
* Revert "Systematically change most py::class_ to py::classh under docs/"
This reverts commit ac9d31e13f.
* docs: focus on py::smart_holder instead of py::classh
Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
* Restore minor general fixes that got lost when ac9d31e13f was reverted.
* Remove `- smart_holder` from list of branches in all .github/workflows
* Extend classh note to explain whitespace noise motivation.
* Suggest `py::smart_holder` for "most situations for safety"
* Add back PYBIND11_HAS_INTERNALS_WITH_SMART_HOLDER_SUPPORT
This define was
* introduced with https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/5286
* removed with https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/5531
It is has been in use here:
* f02a2b7653/pybind11_protobuf/native_proto_caster.h (L89-L101)
Currently pybind11 unit tests for the two holder caster backwards compatibility traits
* `copyable_holder_caster_shared_ptr_with_smart_holder_support_enabled`
* `move_only_holder_caster_unique_ptr_with_smart_holder_support_enabled`
are missing.
* Add py::trampoline_self_life_support to all trampoline examples under docs/.
Address suggestion by @timohl:
* https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/5542#issuecomment-2686452062
Add to the "please think twice" note: the overhead for safety is likely in the noise.
Also fix a two-fold inconsistency introduced by revert-commit 1e646c91b4:
1.
py::trampoline_self_life_support is mentioned in a note, but is missing in the example right before.
2.
The section starting with
To enable safely passing a ``std::unique_ptr`` to a trampoline object between
is obsolete.
* Fix whitespace accident (indentation) introduced with 1e646c91b4
Apparently the mis-indentation was introduced when resolving merge conflicts for what became 1e646c91b4
* WHITESPACE CHANGES ONLY in README.rst (list of people that made significant contributions)
* Add Ethan Steinberg to list of people that made significant contributions (for completeness, unrelated to smart_holder work).
* [ci skip] Add to list of people that made significant contributions: major and/or influential contributors to smart_holder branch
* #2904 by @rhaschke was merged on Mar 16, 2021
* #3012 by @rhaschke was merged on May 28, 2021
* #3039 by @jakobandersen was merged on Jun 29, 2021
* #3048 by @Skylion007 was merged on Jun 18, 2021
* #3588 by @virtuald was merged on Jan 3, 2022
* #3633 by @wangxf123456 was merged on Jan 25, 2022
* #3635 by @virtuald was merged on Jan 26, 2022
* #3645 by @wangxf123456 was merged on Jan 25, 2022
* #3796 by @wangxf123456 was merged on Mar 10, 2022
* #3807 by @wangxf123456 was merged on Mar 18, 2022
* #3838 by @wangxf123456 was merged on Apr 15, 2022
* #3929 by @tomba was merged on May 7, 2022
* #4031 by @wangxf123456 was merged on Jun 27, 2022
* #4343 by @wangxf123456 was merged on Nov 18, 2022
* #4381 by @wangxf123456 was merged on Dec 5, 2022
* #4539 by @wangxf123456 was merged on Feb 28, 2023
* #4609 by @wangxf123456 was merged on Apr 6, 2023
* #4775 by @wangxf123456 was merged on Aug 3, 2023
* #4921 by @iwanders was merged on Nov 7, 2023
* #4924 by @iwanders was merged on Nov 6, 2023
* #5401 by @msimacek was merged on Oct 8, 2024
Co-authored-by: Aaron Gokaslan <aaronGokaslan@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Dustin Spicuzza <dustin@virtualroadside.com>
Co-authored-by: Ivor Wanders <iwanders@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Jakob Lykke Andersen <Jakob@caput.dk>
Co-authored-by: Michael Šimáček <michael.simacek@oracle.com>
Co-authored-by: Robert Haschke <rhaschke@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Tomi Valkeinen <tomi.valkeinen@iki.fi>
Co-authored-by: Xiaofei Wang <6218006+wangxf123456@users.noreply.github.com>
---------
Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Aaron Gokaslan <aaronGokaslan@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Dustin Spicuzza <dustin@virtualroadside.com>
Co-authored-by: Ivor Wanders <iwanders@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Jakob Lykke Andersen <Jakob@caput.dk>
Co-authored-by: Michael Šimáček <michael.simacek@oracle.com>
Co-authored-by: Robert Haschke <rhaschke@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Tomi Valkeinen <tomi.valkeinen@iki.fi>
Co-authored-by: Xiaofei Wang <6218006+wangxf123456@users.noreply.github.com>
* `#error BYE_BYE_GOLDEN_SNAKE`
* Removing everything related to 2.7 from ci.yml
* Commenting-out Centos7
* Removing `PYTHON: 27` from .appveyor.yml
* "PY2" removal, mainly from tests. C++ code is not touched.
* Systematic removal of `u` prefix from `u"..."` and `u'...'` literals. Collateral cleanup of a couple minor other things.
* Cleaning up around case-insensitive hits for `[^a-z]py.*2` in tests/.
* Removing obsolete Python 2 mention in compiling.rst
* Proper `#error` for Python 2.
* Using PY_VERSION_HEX to guard `#error "PYTHON 2 IS NO LONGER SUPPORTED.`
* chore: bump pre-commit
* style: run pre-commit for pyupgrade 3+
* tests: use sys.version_info, not PY
* chore: more Python 2 removal
* Uncommenting Centos7 block (PR #3691 showed that it is working again).
* Update pre-commit hooks
* Fix pre-commit hook
* refactor: remove Python 2 from CMake
* refactor: remove Python 2 from setup code
* refactor: simplify, better static typing
* feat: fail with nice messages
* refactor: drop Python 2 C++ code
* docs: cleanup for Python 3
* revert: intree
revert: intree
* docs: minor touchup to py2 statement
Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Aaron Gokaslan <skylion.aaron@gmail.com>
* Fix `pybind11::object::operator=` to be safe if `*this` is accessible from Python
* Add `custom_type_setup` attribute
This allows for custom modifications to the PyHeapTypeObject prior to
calling `PyType_Ready`. This may be used, for example, to define
`tp_traverse` and `tp_clear` functions.
* Wrap PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_NAME and PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE_NAME in do { ... } while (false), and resolve trailing semicolon
* Deprecate PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_* and get_overload in favor of PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_* and get_override
* Correct erroneous usage of 'overload' instead of 'override' in the implementation and internals
* Fix tests to use non-deprecated PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_* macros
* Update docs to use override instead of overload where appropriate, and add warning about deprecated aliases
* Add semicolons to deprecated PYBIND11_OVERLOAD macros to match original behavior
* Remove deprecation of PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_* macros and get_overload
* Add note to changelog and upgrade guide
* feat: type<T>()
* refactor: using py::type as class
* refactor: py::object as base
* wip: tigher api
* refactor: fix conversion and limit API further
* docs: some added notes from @EricCousineau-TRI
* refactor: use py::type::of
To deal with exceptions that hit destructors or other noexcept functions.
Includes fixes to support Python 2.7 and extends documentation on
error handling.
@virtuald and @YannickJadoul both contributed to this PR.
* Add basic support for tag-based static polymorphism
Sometimes it is possible to look at a C++ object and know what its dynamic type is,
even if it doesn't use C++ polymorphism, because instances of the object and its
subclasses conform to some other mechanism for being self-describing; for example,
perhaps there's an enumerated "tag" or "kind" member in the base class that's always
set to an indication of the correct type. This might be done for performance reasons,
or to permit most-derived types to be trivially copyable. One of the most widely-known
examples is in LLVM: https://llvm.org/docs/HowToSetUpLLVMStyleRTTI.html
This PR permits pybind11 to be informed of such conventions via a new specializable
detail::polymorphic_type_hook<> template, which generalizes the previous logic for
determining the runtime type of an object based on C++ RTTI. Implementors provide
a way to map from a base class object to a const std::type_info* for the dynamic
type; pybind11 then uses this to ensure that casting a Base* to Python creates a
Python object that knows it's wrapping the appropriate sort of Derived.
There are a number of restrictions with this tag-based static polymorphism support
compared to pybind11's existing support for built-in C++ polymorphism:
- there is no support for this-pointer adjustment, so only single inheritance is permitted
- there is no way to make C++ code call new Python-provided subclasses
- when binding C++ classes that redefine a method in a subclass, the .def() must be
repeated in the binding for Python to know about the update
But these are not much of an issue in practice in many cases, the impact on the
complexity of pybind11's innards is minimal and localized, and the support for
automatic downcasting improves usability a great deal.
The main point of `py::module_local` is to make the C++ -> Python cast
unique so that returning/casting a C++ instance is well-defined.
Unfortunately it also makes loading unique, but this isn't particularly
desirable: when an instance contains `Type` instance there's no reason
it shouldn't be possible to pass that instance to a bound function
taking a `Type` parameter, even if that function is in another module.
This commit solves the issue by allowing foreign module (and global)
type loaders have a chance to load the value if the local module loader
fails. The implementation here does this by storing a module-local
loading function in a capsule in the python type, which we can then call
if the local (and possibly global, if the local type is masking a global
type) version doesn't work.
This allows you to use:
cls.def(py::init(&factory_function));
where `factory_function` returns a pointer, holder, or value of the
class type (or a derived type). Various compile-time checks
(static_asserts) are performed to ensure the function is valid, and
various run-time type checks where necessary.
Some other details of this feature:
- The `py::init` name doesn't conflict with the templated no-argument
`py::init<...>()`, but keeps the naming consistent: the existing
templated, no-argument one wraps constructors, the no-template,
function-argument one wraps factory functions.
- If returning a CppClass (whether by value or pointer) when an CppAlias
is required (i.e. python-side inheritance and a declared alias), a
dynamic_cast to the alias is attempted (for the pointer version); if
it fails, or if returned by value, an Alias(Class &&) constructor
is invoked. If this constructor doesn't exist, a runtime error occurs.
- for holder returns when an alias is required, we try a dynamic_cast of
the wrapped pointer to the alias to see if it is already an alias
instance; if it isn't, we raise an error.
- `py::init(class_factory, alias_factory)` is also available that takes
two factories: the first is called when an alias is not needed, the
second when it is.
- Reimplement factory instance clearing. The previous implementation
failed under python-side multiple inheritance: *each* inherited
type's factory init would clear the instance instead of only setting
its own type value. The new implementation here clears just the
relevant value pointer.
- dealloc is updated to explicitly set the leftover value pointer to
nullptr and the `holder_constructed` flag to false so that it can be
used to clear preallocated value without needing to rebuild the
instance internals data.
- Added various tests to test out new allocation/deallocation code.
- With preallocation now done lazily, init factory holders can
completely avoid the extra overhead of needing an extra
allocation/deallocation.
- Updated documentation to make factory constructors the default
advanced constructor style.
- If an `__init__` is called a second time, we have two choices: we can
throw away the first instance, replacing it with the second; or we can
ignore the second call. The latter is slightly easier, so do that.
Attempting to mix py::module_local and non-module_local classes results
in some unexpected/undesirable behaviour:
- if a class is registered non-local by some other module, a later
attempt to register it locally fails. It doesn't need to: it is
perfectly acceptable for the local registration to simply override
the external global registration.
- going the other way (i.e. module `A` registers a type `T` locally,
then `B` registers the same type `T` globally) causes a more serious
issue: `A.T`'s constructors no longer work because the `self` argument
gets converted to a `B.T`, which then fails to resolve.
Changing the cast precedence to prefer local over global fixes this and
makes it work more consistently, regardless of module load order.
This commit adds a `py::module_local` attribute that lets you confine a
registered type to the module (more technically, the shared object) in
which it is defined, by registering it with:
py::class_<C>(m, "C", py::module_local())
This will allow the same C++ class `C` to be registered in different
modules with independent sets of class definitions. On the Python side,
two such types will be completely distinct; on the C++ side, the C++
type resolves to a different Python type in each module.
This applies `py::module_local` automatically to `stl_bind.h` bindings
when the container value type looks like something global: i.e. when it
is a converting type (for example, when binding a `std::vector<int>`),
or when it is a registered type itself bound with `py::module_local`.
This should help resolve potential future conflicts (e.g. if two
completely unrelated modules both try to bind a `std::vector<int>`.
Users can override the automatic selection by adding a
`py::module_local()` or `py::module_local(false)`.
Note that this does mildly break backwards compatibility: bound stl
containers of basic types like `std::vector<int>` cannot be bound in one
module and returned in a different module. (This can be re-enabled with
`py::module_local(false)` as described above, but with the potential for
eventual load conflicts).
