fix: update seeder tests

Amp-Thread-ID: https://ampcode.com/threads/T-019c9122-ba77-768a-b827-1a4adea1c97e
Co-authored-by: Amp <amp@ampcode.com>

alembic_db/versions/0002_merge_to_asset_references.py

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+"""
+Merge AssetInfo and AssetCacheState into unified asset_references table.
+
+This migration drops old tables and creates the new unified schema.
+All existing data is discarded.
+
+Revision ID: 0002_merge_to_asset_references
+Revises: 0001_assets
+Create Date: 2025-02-11
+"""
+
+from alembic import op
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+
+revision = "0002_merge_to_asset_references"
+down_revision = "0001_assets"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    # Drop old tables (order matters due to FK constraints)
+    op.drop_index("ix_asset_info_meta_key_val_bool", table_name="asset_info_meta")
+    op.drop_index("ix_asset_info_meta_key_val_num", table_name="asset_info_meta")
+    op.drop_index("ix_asset_info_meta_key_val_str", table_name="asset_info_meta")
+    op.drop_index("ix_asset_info_meta_key", table_name="asset_info_meta")
+    op.drop_table("asset_info_meta")
+
+    op.drop_index("ix_asset_info_tags_asset_info_id", table_name="asset_info_tags")
+    op.drop_index("ix_asset_info_tags_tag_name", table_name="asset_info_tags")
+    op.drop_table("asset_info_tags")
+
+    op.drop_index("ix_asset_cache_state_asset_id", table_name="asset_cache_state")
+    op.drop_index("ix_asset_cache_state_file_path", table_name="asset_cache_state")
+    op.drop_table("asset_cache_state")
+
+    op.drop_index("ix_assets_info_owner_name", table_name="assets_info")
+    op.drop_index("ix_assets_info_last_access_time", table_name="assets_info")
+    op.drop_index("ix_assets_info_created_at", table_name="assets_info")
+    op.drop_index("ix_assets_info_name", table_name="assets_info")
+    op.drop_index("ix_assets_info_asset_id", table_name="assets_info")
+    op.drop_index("ix_assets_info_owner_id", table_name="assets_info")
+    op.drop_table("assets_info")
+
+    # Truncate assets table (cascades handled by dropping dependent tables first)
+    op.execute("DELETE FROM assets")
+
+    # Create asset_references table
+    op.create_table(
+        "asset_references",
+        sa.Column("id", sa.String(length=36), primary_key=True),
+        sa.Column(
+            "asset_id",
+            sa.String(length=36),
+            sa.ForeignKey("assets.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
+        sa.Column("file_path", sa.Text(), nullable=True),
+        sa.Column("mtime_ns", sa.BigInteger(), nullable=True),
+        sa.Column(
+            "needs_verify",
+            sa.Boolean(),
+            nullable=False,
+            server_default=sa.text("false"),
+        ),
+        sa.Column(
+            "is_missing", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False, server_default=sa.text("false")
+        ),
+        sa.Column("enrichment_level", sa.Integer(), nullable=False, server_default="0"),
+        sa.Column("owner_id", sa.String(length=128), nullable=False, server_default=""),
+        sa.Column("name", sa.String(length=512), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
+            "preview_id",
+            sa.String(length=36),
+            sa.ForeignKey("assets.id", ondelete="SET NULL"),
+            nullable=True,
+        ),
+        sa.Column("user_metadata", sa.JSON(), nullable=True),
+        sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=False), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column("updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=False), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column("last_access_time", sa.DateTime(timezone=False), nullable=False),
+        sa.CheckConstraint(
+            "(mtime_ns IS NULL) OR (mtime_ns >= 0)", name="ck_ar_mtime_nonneg"
+        ),
+        sa.CheckConstraint(
+            "enrichment_level >= 0 AND enrichment_level <= 2",
+            name="ck_ar_enrichment_level_range",
+        ),
+    )
+    op.create_index(
+        "uq_asset_references_file_path", "asset_references", ["file_path"], unique=True
+    )
+    op.create_index("ix_asset_references_asset_id", "asset_references", ["asset_id"])
+    op.create_index("ix_asset_references_owner_id", "asset_references", ["owner_id"])
+    op.create_index("ix_asset_references_name", "asset_references", ["name"])
+    op.create_index("ix_asset_references_is_missing", "asset_references", ["is_missing"])
+    op.create_index(
+        "ix_asset_references_enrichment_level", "asset_references", ["enrichment_level"]
+    )
+    op.create_index("ix_asset_references_created_at", "asset_references", ["created_at"])
+    op.create_index(
+        "ix_asset_references_last_access_time", "asset_references", ["last_access_time"]
+    )
+    op.create_index(
+        "ix_asset_references_owner_name", "asset_references", ["owner_id", "name"]
+    )
+
+    # Create asset_reference_tags table
+    op.create_table(
+        "asset_reference_tags",
+        sa.Column(
+            "asset_reference_id",
+            sa.String(length=36),
+            sa.ForeignKey("asset_references.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
+        sa.Column(
+            "tag_name",
+            sa.String(length=512),
+            sa.ForeignKey("tags.name", ondelete="RESTRICT"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
+        sa.Column(
+            "origin", sa.String(length=32), nullable=False, server_default="manual"
+        ),
+        sa.Column("added_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=False), nullable=False),
+        sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint(
+            "asset_reference_id", "tag_name", name="pk_asset_reference_tags"
+        ),
+    )
+    op.create_index(
+        "ix_asset_reference_tags_tag_name", "asset_reference_tags", ["tag_name"]
+    )
+    op.create_index(
+        "ix_asset_reference_tags_asset_reference_id",
+        "asset_reference_tags",
+        ["asset_reference_id"],
+    )
+
+    # Create asset_reference_meta table
+    op.create_table(
+        "asset_reference_meta",
+        sa.Column(
+            "asset_reference_id",
+            sa.String(length=36),
+            sa.ForeignKey("asset_references.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
+        sa.Column("key", sa.String(length=256), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column("ordinal", sa.Integer(), nullable=False, server_default="0"),
+        sa.Column("val_str", sa.String(length=2048), nullable=True),
+        sa.Column("val_num", sa.Numeric(38, 10), nullable=True),
+        sa.Column("val_bool", sa.Boolean(), nullable=True),
+        sa.Column("val_json", sa.JSON(), nullable=True),
+        sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint(
+            "asset_reference_id", "key", "ordinal", name="pk_asset_reference_meta"
+        ),
+    )
+    op.create_index("ix_asset_reference_meta_key", "asset_reference_meta", ["key"])
+    op.create_index(
+        "ix_asset_reference_meta_key_val_str", "asset_reference_meta", ["key", "val_str"]
+    )
+    op.create_index(
+        "ix_asset_reference_meta_key_val_num", "asset_reference_meta", ["key", "val_num"]
+    )
+    op.create_index(
+        "ix_asset_reference_meta_key_val_bool",
+        "asset_reference_meta",
+        ["key", "val_bool"],
+    )
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    raise NotImplementedError(
+        "Downgrade from 0002_merge_to_asset_references is not supported. "
+        "Please restore from backup if needed."
+    )

app/assets/api/routes.py

@@ -1,19 +1,40 @@
+import json
 import logging
-import uuid
-import urllib.parse
 import os
-import contextlib
-from aiohttp import web
+import urllib.parse
+import uuid
+from typing import Any
 
+from aiohttp import web
 from pydantic import ValidationError
 
-import app.assets.manager as manager
-from app import user_manager
-from app.assets.api import schemas_in
-from app.assets.helpers import get_query_dict
-from app.assets.scanner import seed_assets
-
 import folder_paths
+from app import user_manager
+from app.assets.api import schemas_in, schemas_out
+from app.assets.api.schemas_in import (
+    AssetValidationError,
+    UploadError,
+)
+from app.assets.api.upload import (
+    delete_temp_file_if_exists,
+    parse_multipart_upload,
+)
+from app.assets.seeder import asset_seeder
+from app.assets.services import (
+    DependencyMissingError,
+    HashMismatchError,
+    apply_tags,
+    asset_exists,
+    create_from_hash,
+    delete_asset_reference,
+    get_asset_detail,
+    list_assets_page,
+    list_tags,
+    remove_tags,
+    resolve_asset_for_download,
+    update_asset_metadata,
+    upload_from_temp_path,
+)
 
 ROUTES = web.RouteTableDef()
 USER_MANAGER: user_manager.UserManager | None = None
@@ -21,36 +42,80 @@ USER_MANAGER: user_manager.UserManager | None = None
 # UUID regex (canonical hyphenated form, case-insensitive)
 UUID_RE = r"[0-9a-fA-F]{8}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{12}"
 
-# Note to any custom node developers reading this code:
-# The assets system is not yet fully implemented, do not rely on the code in /app/assets remaining the same.
 
-def register_assets_system(app: web.Application, user_manager_instance: user_manager.UserManager) -> None:
+def get_query_dict(request: web.Request) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Gets a dictionary of query parameters from the request.
+
+    request.query is a MultiMapping[str], needs to be converted to a dict
+    to be validated by Pydantic.
+    """
+    query_dict = {
+        key: request.query.getall(key)
+        if len(request.query.getall(key)) > 1
+        else request.query.get(key)
+        for key in request.query.keys()
+    }
+    return query_dict
+
+
+# Note to any custom node developers reading this code:
+# The assets system is not yet fully implemented,
+# do not rely on the code in /app/assets remaining the same.
+
+
+def register_assets_system(
+    app: web.Application, user_manager_instance: user_manager.UserManager
+) -> None:
     global USER_MANAGER
     USER_MANAGER = user_manager_instance
     app.add_routes(ROUTES)
 
-def _error_response(status: int, code: str, message: str, details: dict | None = None) -> web.Response:
-    return web.json_response({"error": {"code": code, "message": message, "details": details or {}}}, status=status)
+
+def _build_error_response(
+    status: int, code: str, message: str, details: dict | None = None
+) -> web.Response:
+    return web.json_response(
+        {"error": {"code": code, "message": message, "details": details or {}}},
+        status=status,
+    )
 
 
-def _validation_error_response(code: str, ve: ValidationError) -> web.Response:
-    return _error_response(400, code, "Validation failed.", {"errors": ve.json()})
+def _build_validation_error_response(code: str, ve: ValidationError) -> web.Response:
+    errors = json.loads(ve.json())
+    return _build_error_response(400, code, "Validation failed.", {"errors": errors})
+
+
+def _validate_sort_field(requested: str | None) -> str:
+    if not requested:
+        return "created_at"
+    v = requested.lower()
+    if v in {"name", "created_at", "updated_at", "size", "last_access_time"}:
+        return v
+    return "created_at"
 
 
 @ROUTES.head("/api/assets/hash/{hash}")
 async def head_asset_by_hash(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
     hash_str = request.match_info.get("hash", "").strip().lower()
     if not hash_str or ":" not in hash_str:
-        return _error_response(400, "INVALID_HASH", "hash must be like 'blake3:<hex>'")
+        return _build_error_response(
+            400, "INVALID_HASH", "hash must be like 'blake3:<hex>'"
+        )
     algo, digest = hash_str.split(":", 1)
-    if algo != "blake3" or not digest or any(c for c in digest if c not in "0123456789abcdef"):
-        return _error_response(400, "INVALID_HASH", "hash must be like 'blake3:<hex>'")
-    exists = manager.asset_exists(asset_hash=hash_str)
+    if (
+        algo != "blake3"
+        or not digest
+        or any(c for c in digest if c not in "0123456789abcdef")
+    ):
+        return _build_error_response(
+            400, "INVALID_HASH", "hash must be like 'blake3:<hex>'"
+        )
+    exists = asset_exists(hash_str)
     return web.Response(status=200 if exists else 404)
 
 
 @ROUTES.get("/api/assets")
-async def list_assets(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
+async def list_assets_route(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
     """
     GET request to list assets.
     """
@@ -58,78 +123,127 @@ async def list_assets(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
     try:
         q = schemas_in.ListAssetsQuery.model_validate(query_dict)
     except ValidationError as ve:
-        return _validation_error_response("INVALID_QUERY", ve)
+        return _build_validation_error_response("INVALID_QUERY", ve)
 
-    payload = manager.list_assets(
+    sort = _validate_sort_field(q.sort)
+    order_candidate = (q.order or "desc").lower()
+    order = order_candidate if order_candidate in {"asc", "desc"} else "desc"
+
+    result = list_assets_page(
+        owner_id=USER_MANAGER.get_request_user_id(request),
         include_tags=q.include_tags,
         exclude_tags=q.exclude_tags,
         name_contains=q.name_contains,
         metadata_filter=q.metadata_filter,
         limit=q.limit,
         offset=q.offset,
-        sort=q.sort,
-        order=q.order,
-        owner_id=USER_MANAGER.get_request_user_id(request),
+        sort=sort,
+        order=order,
+    )
+
+    summaries = [
+        schemas_out.AssetSummary(
+            id=item.ref.id,
+            name=item.ref.name,
+            asset_hash=item.asset.hash if item.asset else None,
+            size=int(item.asset.size_bytes) if item.asset else None,
+            mime_type=item.asset.mime_type if item.asset else None,
+            tags=item.tags,
+            created_at=item.ref.created_at,
+            updated_at=item.ref.updated_at,
+            last_access_time=item.ref.last_access_time,
+        )
+        for item in result.items
+    ]
+
+    payload = schemas_out.AssetsList(
+        assets=summaries,
+        total=result.total,
+        has_more=(q.offset + len(summaries)) < result.total,
     )
     return web.json_response(payload.model_dump(mode="json", exclude_none=True))
 
 
 @ROUTES.get(f"/api/assets/{{id:{UUID_RE}}}")
-async def get_asset(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
+async def get_asset_route(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
     """
     GET request to get an asset's info as JSON.
     """
-    asset_info_id = str(uuid.UUID(request.match_info["id"]))
+    reference_id = str(uuid.UUID(request.match_info["id"]))
     try:
-        result = manager.get_asset(
-            asset_info_id=asset_info_id,
+        result = get_asset_detail(
+            reference_id=reference_id,
             owner_id=USER_MANAGER.get_request_user_id(request),
         )
+        if not result:
+            return _build_error_response(
+                404,
+                "ASSET_NOT_FOUND",
+                f"AssetReference {reference_id} not found",
+                {"id": reference_id},
+            )
+
+        payload = schemas_out.AssetDetail(
+            id=result.ref.id,
+            name=result.ref.name,
+            asset_hash=result.asset.hash if result.asset else None,
+            size=int(result.asset.size_bytes) if result.asset else None,
+            mime_type=result.asset.mime_type if result.asset else None,
+            tags=result.tags,
+            user_metadata=result.ref.user_metadata or {},
+            preview_id=result.ref.preview_id,
+            created_at=result.ref.created_at,
+            last_access_time=result.ref.last_access_time,
+        )
     except ValueError as e:
-        return _error_response(404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", str(e), {"id": asset_info_id})
+        return _build_error_response(
+            404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", str(e), {"id": reference_id}
+        )
     except Exception:
         logging.exception(
-            "get_asset failed for asset_info_id=%s, owner_id=%s",
-            asset_info_id,
+            "get_asset failed for reference_id=%s, owner_id=%s",
+            reference_id,
             USER_MANAGER.get_request_user_id(request),
         )
-        return _error_response(500, "INTERNAL", "Unexpected server error.")
-    return web.json_response(result.model_dump(mode="json"), status=200)
+        return _build_error_response(500, "INTERNAL", "Unexpected server error.")
+    return web.json_response(payload.model_dump(mode="json"), status=200)
 
 
 @ROUTES.get(f"/api/assets/{{id:{UUID_RE}}}/content")
 async def download_asset_content(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
-    # question: do we need disposition? could we just stick with one of these?
     disposition = request.query.get("disposition", "attachment").lower().strip()
     if disposition not in {"inline", "attachment"}:
         disposition = "attachment"
 
     try:
-        abs_path, content_type, filename = manager.resolve_asset_content_for_download(
-            asset_info_id=str(uuid.UUID(request.match_info["id"])),
+        result = resolve_asset_for_download(
+            reference_id=str(uuid.UUID(request.match_info["id"])),
             owner_id=USER_MANAGER.get_request_user_id(request),
         )
+        abs_path = result.abs_path
+        content_type = result.content_type
+        filename = result.download_name
     except ValueError as ve:
-        return _error_response(404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", str(ve))
+        return _build_error_response(404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", str(ve))
     except NotImplementedError as nie:
-        return _error_response(501, "BACKEND_UNSUPPORTED", str(nie))
+        return _build_error_response(501, "BACKEND_UNSUPPORTED", str(nie))
     except FileNotFoundError:
-        return _error_response(404, "FILE_NOT_FOUND", "Underlying file not found on disk.")
+        return _build_error_response(
+            404, "FILE_NOT_FOUND", "Underlying file not found on disk."
+        )
 
     quoted = (filename or "").replace("\r", "").replace("\n", "").replace('"', "'")
-    cd = f'{disposition}; filename="{quoted}"; filename*=UTF-8\'\'{urllib.parse.quote(filename)}'
+    encoded = urllib.parse.quote(quoted)
+    cd = f"{disposition}; filename=\"{quoted}\"; filename*=UTF-8''{encoded}"
 
     file_size = os.path.getsize(abs_path)
+    size_mb = file_size / (1024 * 1024)
     logging.info(
-        "download_asset_content: path=%s, size=%d bytes (%.2f MB), content_type=%s, filename=%s",
-        abs_path,
-        file_size,
-        file_size / (1024 * 1024),
-        content_type,
-        filename,
+        "download_asset_content: path=%s, size=%d bytes (%.2f MB), type=%s, name=%s",
+        abs_path, file_size, size_mb, content_type, filename,
     )
 
-    async def file_sender():
+    async def stream_file_chunks():
         chunk_size = 64 * 1024
         with open(abs_path, "rb") as f:
             while True:
@@ -139,7 +253,7 @@ async def download_asset_content(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
                 yield chunk
 
     return web.Response(
-        body=file_sender(),
+        body=stream_file_chunks(),
         content_type=content_type,
         headers={
             "Content-Disposition": cd,
@@ -149,16 +263,18 @@ async def download_asset_content(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
 
 
 @ROUTES.post("/api/assets/from-hash")
-async def create_asset_from_hash(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
+async def create_asset_from_hash_route(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
     try:
         payload = await request.json()
         body = schemas_in.CreateFromHashBody.model_validate(payload)
     except ValidationError as ve:
-        return _validation_error_response("INVALID_BODY", ve)
+        return _build_validation_error_response("INVALID_BODY", ve)
     except Exception:
-        return _error_response(400, "INVALID_JSON", "Request body must be valid JSON.")
+        return _build_error_response(
+            400, "INVALID_JSON", "Request body must be valid JSON."
+        )
 
-    result = manager.create_asset_from_hash(
+    result = create_from_hash(
         hash_str=body.hash,
         name=body.name,
         tags=body.tags,
@@ -166,242 +282,203 @@ async def create_asset_from_hash(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
         owner_id=USER_MANAGER.get_request_user_id(request),
     )
     if result is None:
-        return _error_response(404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", f"Asset content {body.hash} does not exist")
-    return web.json_response(result.model_dump(mode="json"), status=201)
+        return _build_error_response(
+            404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", f"Asset content {body.hash} does not exist"
+        )
+
+    payload_out = schemas_out.AssetCreated(
+        id=result.ref.id,
+        name=result.ref.name,
+        asset_hash=result.asset.hash,
+        size=int(result.asset.size_bytes),
+        mime_type=result.asset.mime_type,
+        tags=result.tags,
+        user_metadata=result.ref.user_metadata or {},
+        preview_id=result.ref.preview_id,
+        created_at=result.ref.created_at,
+        last_access_time=result.ref.last_access_time,
+        created_new=result.created_new,
+    )
+    return web.json_response(payload_out.model_dump(mode="json"), status=201)
 
 
 @ROUTES.post("/api/assets")
 async def upload_asset(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
     """Multipart/form-data endpoint for Asset uploads."""
-    if not (request.content_type or "").lower().startswith("multipart/"):
-        return _error_response(415, "UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE", "Use multipart/form-data for uploads.")
-
-    reader = await request.multipart()
-
-    file_present = False
-    file_client_name: str | None = None
-    tags_raw: list[str] = []
-    provided_name: str | None = None
-    user_metadata_raw: str | None = None
-    provided_hash: str | None = None
-    provided_hash_exists: bool | None = None
-
-    file_written = 0
-    tmp_path: str | None = None
-    while True:
-        field = await reader.next()
-        if field is None:
-            break
-
-        fname = getattr(field, "name", "") or ""
-
-        if fname == "hash":
-            try:
-                s = ((await field.text()) or "").strip().lower()
-            except Exception:
-                return _error_response(400, "INVALID_HASH", "hash must be like 'blake3:<hex>'")
-
-            if s:
-                if ":" not in s:
-                    return _error_response(400, "INVALID_HASH", "hash must be like 'blake3:<hex>'")
-                algo, digest = s.split(":", 1)
-                if algo != "blake3" or not digest or any(c for c in digest if c not in "0123456789abcdef"):
-                    return _error_response(400, "INVALID_HASH", "hash must be like 'blake3:<hex>'")
-                provided_hash = f"{algo}:{digest}"
-                try:
-                    provided_hash_exists = manager.asset_exists(asset_hash=provided_hash)
-                except Exception:
-                    provided_hash_exists = None  # do not fail the whole request here
-
-        elif fname == "file":
-            file_present = True
-            file_client_name = (field.filename or "").strip()
-
-            if provided_hash and provided_hash_exists is True:
-                # If client supplied a hash that we know exists, drain but do not write to disk
-                try:
-                    while True:
-                        chunk = await field.read_chunk(8 * 1024 * 1024)
-                        if not chunk:
-                            break
-                        file_written += len(chunk)
-                except Exception:
-                    return _error_response(500, "UPLOAD_IO_ERROR", "Failed to receive uploaded file.")
-                continue  # Do not create temp file; we will create AssetInfo from the existing content
-
-            # Otherwise, store to temp for hashing/ingest
-            uploads_root = os.path.join(folder_paths.get_temp_directory(), "uploads")
-            unique_dir = os.path.join(uploads_root, uuid.uuid4().hex)
-            os.makedirs(unique_dir, exist_ok=True)
-            tmp_path = os.path.join(unique_dir, ".upload.part")
-
-            try:
-                with open(tmp_path, "wb") as f:
-                    while True:
-                        chunk = await field.read_chunk(8 * 1024 * 1024)
-                        if not chunk:
-                            break
-                        f.write(chunk)
-                        file_written += len(chunk)
-            except Exception:
-                try:
-                    if os.path.exists(tmp_path or ""):
-                        os.remove(tmp_path)
-                finally:
-                    return _error_response(500, "UPLOAD_IO_ERROR", "Failed to receive and store uploaded file.")
-        elif fname == "tags":
-            tags_raw.append((await field.text()) or "")
-        elif fname == "name":
-            provided_name = (await field.text()) or None
-        elif fname == "user_metadata":
-            user_metadata_raw = (await field.text()) or None
-
-    # If client did not send file, and we are not doing a from-hash fast path -> error
-    if not file_present and not (provided_hash and provided_hash_exists):
-        return _error_response(400, "MISSING_FILE", "Form must include a 'file' part or a known 'hash'.")
-
-    if file_present and file_written == 0 and not (provided_hash and provided_hash_exists):
-        # Empty upload is only acceptable if we are fast-pathing from existing hash
-        try:
-            if tmp_path and os.path.exists(tmp_path):
-                os.remove(tmp_path)
-        finally:
-            return _error_response(400, "EMPTY_UPLOAD", "Uploaded file is empty.")
-
     try:
-        spec = schemas_in.UploadAssetSpec.model_validate({
-            "tags": tags_raw,
-            "name": provided_name,
-            "user_metadata": user_metadata_raw,
-            "hash": provided_hash,
-        })
-    except ValidationError as ve:
-        try:
-            if tmp_path and os.path.exists(tmp_path):
-                os.remove(tmp_path)
-        finally:
-            return _validation_error_response("INVALID_BODY", ve)
-
-    # Validate models category against configured folders (consistent with previous behavior)
-    if spec.tags and spec.tags[0] == "models":
-        if len(spec.tags) < 2 or spec.tags[1] not in folder_paths.folder_names_and_paths:
-            if tmp_path and os.path.exists(tmp_path):
-                os.remove(tmp_path)
-            return _error_response(
-                400, "INVALID_BODY", f"unknown models category '{spec.tags[1] if len(spec.tags) >= 2 else ''}'"
-            )
+        parsed = await parse_multipart_upload(request, check_hash_exists=asset_exists)
+    except UploadError as e:
+        return _build_error_response(e.status, e.code, e.message)
 
     owner_id = USER_MANAGER.get_request_user_id(request)
 
-    # Fast path: if a valid provided hash exists, create AssetInfo without writing anything
-    if spec.hash and provided_hash_exists is True:
-        try:
-            result = manager.create_asset_from_hash(
+    try:
+        spec = schemas_in.UploadAssetSpec.model_validate(
+            {
+                "tags": parsed.tags_raw,
+                "name": parsed.provided_name,
+                "user_metadata": parsed.user_metadata_raw,
+                "hash": parsed.provided_hash,
+            }
+        )
+    except ValidationError as ve:
+        delete_temp_file_if_exists(parsed.tmp_path)
+        return _build_error_response(
+            400, "INVALID_BODY", f"Validation failed: {ve.json()}"
+        )
+
+    if spec.tags and spec.tags[0] == "models":
+        if (
+            len(spec.tags) < 2
+            or spec.tags[1] not in folder_paths.folder_names_and_paths
+        ):
+            delete_temp_file_if_exists(parsed.tmp_path)
+            category = spec.tags[1] if len(spec.tags) >= 2 else ""
+            return _build_error_response(
+                400, "INVALID_BODY", f"unknown models category '{category}'"
+            )
+
+    try:
+        # Fast path: hash exists, create AssetReference without writing anything
+        if spec.hash and parsed.provided_hash_exists is True:
+            result = create_from_hash(
                 hash_str=spec.hash,
                 name=spec.name or (spec.hash.split(":", 1)[1]),
                 tags=spec.tags,
                 user_metadata=spec.user_metadata or {},
                 owner_id=owner_id,
             )
-        except Exception:
-            logging.exception("create_asset_from_hash failed for hash=%s, owner_id=%s", spec.hash, owner_id)
-            return _error_response(500, "INTERNAL", "Unexpected server error.")
+            if result is None:
+                delete_temp_file_if_exists(parsed.tmp_path)
+                return _build_error_response(
+                    404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", f"Asset content {spec.hash} does not exist"
+                )
+            delete_temp_file_if_exists(parsed.tmp_path)
+        else:
+            # Otherwise, we must have a temp file path to ingest
+            if not parsed.tmp_path or not os.path.exists(parsed.tmp_path):
+                return _build_error_response(
+                    404,
+                    "ASSET_NOT_FOUND",
+                    "Provided hash not found and no file uploaded.",
+                )
 
-        if result is None:
-            return _error_response(404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", f"Asset content {spec.hash} does not exist")
-
-        # Drain temp if we accidentally saved (e.g., hash field came after file)
-        if tmp_path and os.path.exists(tmp_path):
-            with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
-                os.remove(tmp_path)
-
-        status = 200 if (not result.created_new) else 201
-        return web.json_response(result.model_dump(mode="json"), status=status)
-
-    # Otherwise, we must have a temp file path to ingest
-    if not tmp_path or not os.path.exists(tmp_path):
-        # The only case we reach here without a temp file is: client sent a hash that does not exist and no file
-        return _error_response(404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", "Provided hash not found and no file uploaded.")
-
-    try:
-        created = manager.upload_asset_from_temp_path(
-            spec,
-            temp_path=tmp_path,
-            client_filename=file_client_name,
-            owner_id=owner_id,
-            expected_asset_hash=spec.hash,
-        )
-        status = 201 if created.created_new else 200
-        return web.json_response(created.model_dump(mode="json"), status=status)
-    except ValueError as e:
-        if tmp_path and os.path.exists(tmp_path):
-            os.remove(tmp_path)
-        msg = str(e)
-        if "HASH_MISMATCH" in msg or msg.strip().upper() == "HASH_MISMATCH":
-            return _error_response(
-                400,
-                "HASH_MISMATCH",
-                "Uploaded file hash does not match provided hash.",
+            result = upload_from_temp_path(
+                temp_path=parsed.tmp_path,
+                name=spec.name,
+                tags=spec.tags,
+                user_metadata=spec.user_metadata or {},
+                client_filename=parsed.file_client_name,
+                owner_id=owner_id,
+                expected_hash=spec.hash,
             )
-        return _error_response(400, "BAD_REQUEST", "Invalid inputs.")
+    except AssetValidationError as e:
+        delete_temp_file_if_exists(parsed.tmp_path)
+        return _build_error_response(400, e.code, str(e))
+    except ValueError as e:
+        delete_temp_file_if_exists(parsed.tmp_path)
+        return _build_error_response(400, "BAD_REQUEST", str(e))
+    except HashMismatchError as e:
+        delete_temp_file_if_exists(parsed.tmp_path)
+        return _build_error_response(400, "HASH_MISMATCH", str(e))
+    except DependencyMissingError as e:
+        delete_temp_file_if_exists(parsed.tmp_path)
+        return _build_error_response(503, "DEPENDENCY_MISSING", e.message)
     except Exception:
-        if tmp_path and os.path.exists(tmp_path):
-            os.remove(tmp_path)
-        logging.exception("upload_asset_from_temp_path failed for tmp_path=%s, owner_id=%s", tmp_path, owner_id)
-        return _error_response(500, "INTERNAL", "Unexpected server error.")
+        delete_temp_file_if_exists(parsed.tmp_path)
+        logging.exception("upload_asset failed for owner_id=%s", owner_id)
+        return _build_error_response(500, "INTERNAL", "Unexpected server error.")
+
+    payload = schemas_out.AssetCreated(
+        id=result.ref.id,
+        name=result.ref.name,
+        asset_hash=result.asset.hash,
+        size=int(result.asset.size_bytes),
+        mime_type=result.asset.mime_type,
+        tags=result.tags,
+        user_metadata=result.ref.user_metadata or {},
+        preview_id=result.ref.preview_id,
+        created_at=result.ref.created_at,
+        last_access_time=result.ref.last_access_time,
+        created_new=result.created_new,
+    )
+    status = 201 if result.created_new else 200
+    return web.json_response(payload.model_dump(mode="json"), status=status)
 
 
 @ROUTES.put(f"/api/assets/{{id:{UUID_RE}}}")
-async def update_asset(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
-    asset_info_id = str(uuid.UUID(request.match_info["id"]))
+async def update_asset_route(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
+    reference_id = str(uuid.UUID(request.match_info["id"]))
     try:
         body = schemas_in.UpdateAssetBody.model_validate(await request.json())
     except ValidationError as ve:
-        return _validation_error_response("INVALID_BODY", ve)
+        return _build_validation_error_response("INVALID_BODY", ve)
     except Exception:
-        return _error_response(400, "INVALID_JSON", "Request body must be valid JSON.")
+        return _build_error_response(
+            400, "INVALID_JSON", "Request body must be valid JSON."
+        )
 
     try:
-        result = manager.update_asset(
-            asset_info_id=asset_info_id,
+        result = update_asset_metadata(
+            reference_id=reference_id,
             name=body.name,
             user_metadata=body.user_metadata,
             owner_id=USER_MANAGER.get_request_user_id(request),
         )
-    except (ValueError, PermissionError) as ve:
-        return _error_response(404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", str(ve), {"id": asset_info_id})
+        payload = schemas_out.AssetUpdated(
+            id=result.ref.id,
+            name=result.ref.name,
+            asset_hash=result.asset.hash if result.asset else None,
+            tags=result.tags,
+            user_metadata=result.ref.user_metadata or {},
+            updated_at=result.ref.updated_at,
+        )
+    except PermissionError as pe:
+        return _build_error_response(
+            403, "FORBIDDEN", str(pe), {"id": reference_id}
+        )
+    except ValueError as ve:
+        return _build_error_response(
+            404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", str(ve), {"id": reference_id}
+        )
     except Exception:
         logging.exception(
-            "update_asset failed for asset_info_id=%s, owner_id=%s",
-            asset_info_id,
+            "update_asset failed for reference_id=%s, owner_id=%s",
+            reference_id,
             USER_MANAGER.get_request_user_id(request),
         )
-        return _error_response(500, "INTERNAL", "Unexpected server error.")
-    return web.json_response(result.model_dump(mode="json"), status=200)
+        return _build_error_response(500, "INTERNAL", "Unexpected server error.")
+    return web.json_response(payload.model_dump(mode="json"), status=200)
 
 
 @ROUTES.delete(f"/api/assets/{{id:{UUID_RE}}}")
-async def delete_asset(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
-    asset_info_id = str(uuid.UUID(request.match_info["id"]))
-    delete_content = request.query.get("delete_content")
-    delete_content = True if delete_content is None else delete_content.lower() not in {"0", "false", "no"}
+async def delete_asset_route(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
+    reference_id = str(uuid.UUID(request.match_info["id"]))
+    delete_content_param = request.query.get("delete_content")
+    delete_content = (
+        True
+        if delete_content_param is None
+        else delete_content_param.lower() not in {"0", "false", "no"}
+    )
 
     try:
-        deleted = manager.delete_asset_reference(
-            asset_info_id=asset_info_id,
+        deleted = delete_asset_reference(
+            reference_id=reference_id,
             owner_id=USER_MANAGER.get_request_user_id(request),
             delete_content_if_orphan=delete_content,
         )
     except Exception:
         logging.exception(
-            "delete_asset_reference failed for asset_info_id=%s, owner_id=%s",
-            asset_info_id,
+            "delete_asset_reference failed for reference_id=%s, owner_id=%s",
+            reference_id,
             USER_MANAGER.get_request_user_id(request),
         )
-        return _error_response(500, "INTERNAL", "Unexpected server error.")
+        return _build_error_response(500, "INTERNAL", "Unexpected server error.")
 
     if not deleted:
-        return _error_response(404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", f"AssetInfo {asset_info_id} not found.")
+        return _build_error_response(
+            404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", f"AssetReference {reference_id} not found."
+        )
     return web.Response(status=204)
 
 
@@ -415,12 +492,14 @@ async def get_tags(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
     try:
         query = schemas_in.TagsListQuery.model_validate(query_map)
     except ValidationError as e:
-        return web.json_response(
-            {"error": {"code": "INVALID_QUERY", "message": "Invalid query parameters", "details": e.errors()}},
-            status=400,
+        return _build_error_response(
+            400,
+            "INVALID_QUERY",
+            "Invalid query parameters",
+            {"errors": json.loads(e.json())},
         )
 
-    result = manager.list_tags(
+    rows, total = list_tags(
         prefix=query.prefix,
         limit=query.limit,
         offset=query.offset,
@@ -428,87 +507,220 @@ async def get_tags(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
         include_zero=query.include_zero,
         owner_id=USER_MANAGER.get_request_user_id(request),
     )
-    return web.json_response(result.model_dump(mode="json"))
+
+    tags = [
+        schemas_out.TagUsage(name=name, count=count, type=tag_type)
+        for (name, tag_type, count) in rows
+    ]
+    payload = schemas_out.TagsList(
+        tags=tags, total=total, has_more=(query.offset + len(tags)) < total
+    )
+    return web.json_response(payload.model_dump(mode="json"))
 
 
 @ROUTES.post(f"/api/assets/{{id:{UUID_RE}}}/tags")
 async def add_asset_tags(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
-    asset_info_id = str(uuid.UUID(request.match_info["id"]))
+    reference_id = str(uuid.UUID(request.match_info["id"]))
     try:
-        payload = await request.json()
-        data = schemas_in.TagsAdd.model_validate(payload)
+        json_payload = await request.json()
+        data = schemas_in.TagsAdd.model_validate(json_payload)
     except ValidationError as ve:
-        return _error_response(400, "INVALID_BODY", "Invalid JSON body for tags add.", {"errors": ve.errors()})
+        return _build_error_response(
+            400,
+            "INVALID_BODY",
+            "Invalid JSON body for tags add.",
+            {"errors": ve.errors()},
+        )
     except Exception:
-        return _error_response(400, "INVALID_JSON", "Request body must be valid JSON.")
+        return _build_error_response(
+            400, "INVALID_JSON", "Request body must be valid JSON."
+        )
 
     try:
-        result = manager.add_tags_to_asset(
-            asset_info_id=asset_info_id,
+        result = apply_tags(
+            reference_id=reference_id,
             tags=data.tags,
             origin="manual",
             owner_id=USER_MANAGER.get_request_user_id(request),
         )
-    except (ValueError, PermissionError) as ve:
-        return _error_response(404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", str(ve), {"id": asset_info_id})
+        payload = schemas_out.TagsAdd(
+            added=result.added,
+            already_present=result.already_present,
+            total_tags=result.total_tags,
+        )
+    except PermissionError as pe:
+        return _build_error_response(
+            403, "FORBIDDEN", str(pe), {"id": reference_id}
+        )
+    except ValueError as ve:
+        return _build_error_response(
+            404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", str(ve), {"id": reference_id}
+        )
     except Exception:
         logging.exception(
-            "add_tags_to_asset failed for asset_info_id=%s, owner_id=%s",
-            asset_info_id,
+            "add_tags_to_asset failed for reference_id=%s, owner_id=%s",
+            reference_id,
             USER_MANAGER.get_request_user_id(request),
         )
-        return _error_response(500, "INTERNAL", "Unexpected server error.")
+        return _build_error_response(500, "INTERNAL", "Unexpected server error.")
 
-    return web.json_response(result.model_dump(mode="json"), status=200)
+    return web.json_response(payload.model_dump(mode="json"), status=200)
 
 
 @ROUTES.delete(f"/api/assets/{{id:{UUID_RE}}}/tags")
 async def delete_asset_tags(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
-    asset_info_id = str(uuid.UUID(request.match_info["id"]))
+    reference_id = str(uuid.UUID(request.match_info["id"]))
     try:
-        payload = await request.json()
-        data = schemas_in.TagsRemove.model_validate(payload)
+        json_payload = await request.json()
+        data = schemas_in.TagsRemove.model_validate(json_payload)
     except ValidationError as ve:
-        return _error_response(400, "INVALID_BODY", "Invalid JSON body for tags remove.", {"errors": ve.errors()})
+        return _build_error_response(
+            400,
+            "INVALID_BODY",
+            "Invalid JSON body for tags remove.",
+            {"errors": ve.errors()},
+        )
     except Exception:
-        return _error_response(400, "INVALID_JSON", "Request body must be valid JSON.")
+        return _build_error_response(
+            400, "INVALID_JSON", "Request body must be valid JSON."
+        )
 
     try:
-        result = manager.remove_tags_from_asset(
-            asset_info_id=asset_info_id,
+        result = remove_tags(
+            reference_id=reference_id,
             tags=data.tags,
             owner_id=USER_MANAGER.get_request_user_id(request),
         )
+        payload = schemas_out.TagsRemove(
+            removed=result.removed,
+            not_present=result.not_present,
+            total_tags=result.total_tags,
+        )
     except ValueError as ve:
-        return _error_response(404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", str(ve), {"id": asset_info_id})
+        return _build_error_response(
+            404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND", str(ve), {"id": reference_id}
+        )
     except Exception:
         logging.exception(
-            "remove_tags_from_asset failed for asset_info_id=%s, owner_id=%s",
-            asset_info_id,
+            "remove_tags_from_asset failed for reference_id=%s, owner_id=%s",
+            reference_id,
             USER_MANAGER.get_request_user_id(request),
         )
-        return _error_response(500, "INTERNAL", "Unexpected server error.")
+        return _build_error_response(500, "INTERNAL", "Unexpected server error.")
 
-    return web.json_response(result.model_dump(mode="json"), status=200)
+    return web.json_response(payload.model_dump(mode="json"), status=200)
 
 
 @ROUTES.post("/api/assets/seed")
-async def seed_assets_endpoint(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
-    """Trigger asset seeding for specified roots (models, input, output)."""
+async def seed_assets(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
+    """Trigger asset seeding for specified roots (models, input, output).
+
+    Query params:
+        wait: If "true", block until scan completes (synchronous behavior for tests)
+
+    Returns:
+        202 Accepted if scan started
+        409 Conflict if scan already running
+        200 OK with final stats if wait=true
+    """
     try:
         payload = await request.json()
         roots = payload.get("roots", ["models", "input", "output"])
     except Exception:
         roots = ["models", "input", "output"]
 
-    valid_roots = [r for r in roots if r in ("models", "input", "output")]
+    valid_roots = tuple(r for r in roots if r in ("models", "input", "output"))
     if not valid_roots:
-        return _error_response(400, "INVALID_BODY", "No valid roots specified")
+        return _build_error_response(400, "INVALID_BODY", "No valid roots specified")
 
-    try:
-        seed_assets(tuple(valid_roots))
-    except Exception:
-        logging.exception("seed_assets failed for roots=%s", valid_roots)
-        return _error_response(500, "INTERNAL", "Seed operation failed")
+    wait_param = request.query.get("wait", "").lower()
+    should_wait = wait_param in ("true", "1", "yes")
 
-    return web.json_response({"seeded": valid_roots}, status=200)
+    # Temporarily enable seeder for explicit API calls (--disable-assets-autoscan
+    # only prevents the automatic startup scan, not manual triggers)
+    was_disabled = asset_seeder.is_disabled()
+    if was_disabled:
+        asset_seeder.enable()
+
+    started = asset_seeder.start(roots=valid_roots)
+    if not started:
+        if was_disabled:
+            asset_seeder.disable()
+        return web.json_response({"status": "already_running"}, status=409)
+
+    if should_wait:
+        asset_seeder.wait()
+        if was_disabled:
+            asset_seeder.disable()
+        status = asset_seeder.get_status()
+        return web.json_response(
+            {
+                "status": "completed",
+                "progress": {
+                    "scanned": status.progress.scanned if status.progress else 0,
+                    "total": status.progress.total if status.progress else 0,
+                    "created": status.progress.created if status.progress else 0,
+                    "skipped": status.progress.skipped if status.progress else 0,
+                },
+                "errors": status.errors,
+            },
+            status=200,
+        )
+
+    # Re-disable after starting: the running thread doesn't check _disabled,
+    # so this only prevents new scans from auto-starting while this one runs.
+    if was_disabled:
+        asset_seeder.disable()
+
+    return web.json_response({"status": "started"}, status=202)
+
+
+@ROUTES.get("/api/assets/seed/status")
+async def get_seed_status(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
+    """Get current scan status and progress."""
+    status = asset_seeder.get_status()
+    return web.json_response(
+        {
+            "state": status.state.value,
+            "progress": {
+                "scanned": status.progress.scanned,
+                "total": status.progress.total,
+                "created": status.progress.created,
+                "skipped": status.progress.skipped,
+            }
+            if status.progress
+            else None,
+            "errors": status.errors,
+        },
+        status=200,
+    )
+
+
+@ROUTES.post("/api/assets/seed/cancel")
+async def cancel_seed(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
+    """Request cancellation of in-progress scan."""
+    cancelled = asset_seeder.cancel()
+    if cancelled:
+        return web.json_response({"status": "cancelling"}, status=200)
+    return web.json_response({"status": "idle"}, status=200)
+
+
+@ROUTES.post("/api/assets/prune")
+async def mark_missing_assets(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
+    """Mark assets as missing when outside all known root prefixes.
+
+    This is a non-destructive soft-delete operation. Assets and metadata
+    are preserved, but references are flagged as missing. They can be
+    restored if the file reappears in a future scan.
+
+    Returns:
+        200 OK with count of marked assets
+        409 Conflict if a scan is currently running
+    """
+    marked = asset_seeder.mark_missing_outside_prefixes()
+    if marked == 0 and asset_seeder.get_status().state.value != "IDLE":
+        return web.json_response(
+            {"status": "scan_running", "marked": 0},
+            status=409,
+        )
+    return web.json_response({"status": "completed", "marked": marked}, status=200)

app/assets/api/schemas_in.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import json
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any, Literal
 
 from pydantic import (
@@ -10,6 +11,49 @@ from pydantic import (
     model_validator,
 )
 
+
+class UploadError(Exception):
+    """Error during upload parsing with HTTP status and code."""
+
+    def __init__(self, status: int, code: str, message: str):
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.status = status
+        self.code = code
+        self.message = message
+
+
+class AssetValidationError(Exception):
+    """Validation error in asset processing (invalid tags, metadata, etc.)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, code: str, message: str):
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.code = code
+        self.message = message
+
+
+class AssetNotFoundError(Exception):
+    """Asset or asset content not found."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str):
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.message = message
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ParsedUpload:
+    """Result of parsing a multipart upload request."""
+
+    file_present: bool
+    file_written: int
+    file_client_name: str | None
+    tmp_path: str | None
+    tags_raw: list[str]
+    provided_name: str | None
+    user_metadata_raw: str | None
+    provided_hash: str | None
+    provided_hash_exists: bool | None
+
+
 class ListAssetsQuery(BaseModel):
     include_tags: list[str] = Field(default_factory=list)
     exclude_tags: list[str] = Field(default_factory=list)
@@ -21,7 +65,9 @@ class ListAssetsQuery(BaseModel):
     limit: conint(ge=1, le=500) = 20
     offset: conint(ge=0) = 0
 
-    sort: Literal["name", "created_at", "updated_at", "size", "last_access_time"] = "created_at"
+    sort: Literal["name", "created_at", "updated_at", "size", "last_access_time"] = (
+        "created_at"
+    )
     order: Literal["asc", "desc"] = "desc"
 
     @field_validator("include_tags", "exclude_tags", mode="before")
@@ -61,7 +107,7 @@ class UpdateAssetBody(BaseModel):
     user_metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None
 
     @model_validator(mode="after")
-    def _at_least_one(self):
+    def _validate_at_least_one_field(self):
         if self.name is None and self.user_metadata is None:
             raise ValueError("Provide at least one of: name, user_metadata.")
         return self
@@ -90,7 +136,7 @@ class CreateFromHashBody(BaseModel):
 
     @field_validator("tags", mode="before")
     @classmethod
-    def _tags_norm(cls, v):
+    def _normalize_tags_field(cls, v):
         if v is None:
             return []
         if isinstance(v, list):
@@ -154,15 +200,16 @@ class TagsRemove(TagsAdd):
 
 class UploadAssetSpec(BaseModel):
     """Upload Asset operation.
+
     - tags: ordered; first is root ('models'|'input'|'output');
-            if root == 'models', second must be a valid category from folder_paths.folder_names_and_paths
+            if root == 'models', second must be a valid category
     - name: display name
     - user_metadata: arbitrary JSON object (optional)
-    - hash: optional canonical 'blake3:<hex>' provided by the client for validation / fast-path
+    - hash: optional canonical 'blake3:<hex>' for validation / fast-path
 
-    Files created via this endpoint are stored on disk using the **content hash** as the filename stem
-    and the original extension is preserved when available.
+    Files are stored using the content hash as filename stem.
     """
+
     model_config = ConfigDict(extra="ignore", str_strip_whitespace=True)
 
     tags: list[str] = Field(..., min_length=1)
@@ -260,5 +307,7 @@ class UploadAssetSpec(BaseModel):
             raise ValueError("first tag must be one of: models, input, output")
         if root == "models":
             if len(self.tags) < 2:
-                raise ValueError("models uploads require a category tag as the second tag")
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "models uploads require a category tag as the second tag"
+                )
         return self

app/assets/api/schemas_out.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class AssetSummary(BaseModel):
     model_config = ConfigDict(from_attributes=True)
 
     @field_serializer("created_at", "updated_at", "last_access_time")
-    def _ser_dt(self, v: datetime | None, _info):
+    def _serialize_datetime(self, v: datetime | None, _info):
         return v.isoformat() if v else None
 
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class AssetUpdated(BaseModel):
     model_config = ConfigDict(from_attributes=True)
 
     @field_serializer("updated_at")
-    def _ser_updated(self, v: datetime | None, _info):
+    def _serialize_updated_at(self, v: datetime | None, _info):
         return v.isoformat() if v else None
 
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class AssetDetail(BaseModel):
     model_config = ConfigDict(from_attributes=True)
 
     @field_serializer("created_at", "last_access_time")
-    def _ser_dt(self, v: datetime | None, _info):
+    def _serialize_datetime(self, v: datetime | None, _info):
         return v.isoformat() if v else None
 
 

app/assets/api/upload.py

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+import logging
+import os
+import uuid
+from typing import Callable
+
+from aiohttp import web
+
+import folder_paths
+from app.assets.api.schemas_in import ParsedUpload, UploadError
+
+
+def normalize_and_validate_hash(s: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Validate and normalize a hash string.
+
+    Returns canonical 'blake3:<hex>' or raises UploadError.
+    """
+    s = s.strip().lower()
+    if not s:
+        raise UploadError(400, "INVALID_HASH", "hash must be like 'blake3:<hex>'")
+    if ":" not in s:
+        raise UploadError(400, "INVALID_HASH", "hash must be like 'blake3:<hex>'")
+    algo, digest = s.split(":", 1)
+    if (
+        algo != "blake3"
+        or not digest
+        or any(c for c in digest if c not in "0123456789abcdef")
+    ):
+        raise UploadError(400, "INVALID_HASH", "hash must be like 'blake3:<hex>'")
+    return f"{algo}:{digest}"
+
+
+async def parse_multipart_upload(
+    request: web.Request,
+    check_hash_exists: Callable[[str], bool],
+) -> ParsedUpload:
+    """
+    Parse a multipart/form-data upload request.
+
+    Args:
+        request: The aiohttp request
+        check_hash_exists: Callable(hash_str) -> bool to check if a hash exists
+
+    Returns:
+        ParsedUpload with parsed fields and temp file path
+
+    Raises:
+        UploadError: On validation or I/O errors
+    """
+    if not (request.content_type or "").lower().startswith("multipart/"):
+        raise UploadError(
+            415, "UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE", "Use multipart/form-data for uploads."
+        )
+
+    reader = await request.multipart()
+
+    file_present = False
+    file_client_name: str | None = None
+    tags_raw: list[str] = []
+    provided_name: str | None = None
+    user_metadata_raw: str | None = None
+    provided_hash: str | None = None
+    provided_hash_exists: bool | None = None
+
+    file_written = 0
+    tmp_path: str | None = None
+
+    while True:
+        field = await reader.next()
+        if field is None:
+            break
+
+        fname = getattr(field, "name", "") or ""
+
+        if fname == "hash":
+            try:
+                s = ((await field.text()) or "").strip().lower()
+            except Exception:
+                raise UploadError(
+                    400, "INVALID_HASH", "hash must be like 'blake3:<hex>'"
+                )
+
+            if s:
+                provided_hash = normalize_and_validate_hash(s)
+                try:
+                    provided_hash_exists = check_hash_exists(provided_hash)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logging.warning(
+                        "check_hash_exists failed for hash=%s: %s", provided_hash, e
+                    )
+                    provided_hash_exists = None  # do not fail the whole request here
+
+        elif fname == "file":
+            file_present = True
+            file_client_name = (field.filename or "").strip()
+
+            if provided_hash and provided_hash_exists is True:
+                # Hash exists - drain file but don't write to disk
+                try:
+                    while True:
+                        chunk = await field.read_chunk(8 * 1024 * 1024)
+                        if not chunk:
+                            break
+                        file_written += len(chunk)
+                except Exception:
+                    raise UploadError(
+                        500, "UPLOAD_IO_ERROR", "Failed to receive uploaded file."
+                    )
+                continue
+
+            uploads_root = os.path.join(folder_paths.get_temp_directory(), "uploads")
+            unique_dir = os.path.join(uploads_root, uuid.uuid4().hex)
+            os.makedirs(unique_dir, exist_ok=True)
+            tmp_path = os.path.join(unique_dir, ".upload.part")
+
+            try:
+                with open(tmp_path, "wb") as f:
+                    while True:
+                        chunk = await field.read_chunk(8 * 1024 * 1024)
+                        if not chunk:
+                            break
+                        f.write(chunk)
+                        file_written += len(chunk)
+            except Exception:
+                delete_temp_file_if_exists(tmp_path)
+                raise UploadError(
+                    500, "UPLOAD_IO_ERROR", "Failed to receive and store uploaded file."
+                )
+
+        elif fname == "tags":
+            tags_raw.append((await field.text()) or "")
+        elif fname == "name":
+            provided_name = (await field.text()) or None
+        elif fname == "user_metadata":
+            user_metadata_raw = (await field.text()) or None
+
+    if not file_present and not (provided_hash and provided_hash_exists):
+        raise UploadError(
+            400, "MISSING_FILE", "Form must include a 'file' part or a known 'hash'."
+        )
+
+    if (
+        file_present
+        and file_written == 0
+        and not (provided_hash and provided_hash_exists)
+    ):
+        delete_temp_file_if_exists(tmp_path)
+        raise UploadError(400, "EMPTY_UPLOAD", "Uploaded file is empty.")
+
+    return ParsedUpload(
+        file_present=file_present,
+        file_written=file_written,
+        file_client_name=file_client_name,
+        tmp_path=tmp_path,
+        tags_raw=tags_raw,
+        provided_name=provided_name,
+        user_metadata_raw=user_metadata_raw,
+        provided_hash=provided_hash,
+        provided_hash_exists=provided_hash_exists,
+    )
+
+
+def delete_temp_file_if_exists(tmp_path: str | None) -> None:
+    """Safely remove a temp file if it exists."""
+    if tmp_path:
+        try:
+            if os.path.exists(tmp_path):
+                os.remove(tmp_path)
+        except OSError as e:
+            logging.debug("Failed to delete temp file %s: %s", tmp_path, e)

app/assets/database/bulk_ops.py

@@ -1,204 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import uuid
-import sqlalchemy
-from typing import Iterable
-from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
-from sqlalchemy.dialects import sqlite
-
-from app.assets.helpers import utcnow
-from app.assets.database.models import Asset, AssetCacheState, AssetInfo, AssetInfoTag, AssetInfoMeta
-
-MAX_BIND_PARAMS = 800
-
-def _chunk_rows(rows: list[dict], cols_per_row: int, max_bind_params: int) -> Iterable[list[dict]]:
-    if not rows:
-        return []
-    rows_per_stmt = max(1, max_bind_params // max(1, cols_per_row))
-    for i in range(0, len(rows), rows_per_stmt):
-        yield rows[i:i + rows_per_stmt]
-
-def _iter_chunks(seq, n: int):
-    for i in range(0, len(seq), n):
-        yield seq[i:i + n]
-
-def _rows_per_stmt(cols: int) -> int:
-    return max(1, MAX_BIND_PARAMS // max(1, cols))
-
-
-def seed_from_paths_batch(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    specs: list[dict],
-    owner_id: str = "",
-) -> dict:
-    """Each spec is a dict with keys:
-      - abs_path: str
-      - size_bytes: int
-      - mtime_ns: int
-      - info_name: str
-      - tags: list[str]
-      - fname: Optional[str]
-    """
-    if not specs:
-        return {"inserted_infos": 0, "won_states": 0, "lost_states": 0}
-
-    now = utcnow()
-    asset_rows: list[dict] = []
-    state_rows: list[dict] = []
-    path_to_asset: dict[str, str] = {}
-    asset_to_info: dict[str, dict] = {}  # asset_id -> prepared info row
-    path_list: list[str] = []
-
-    for sp in specs:
-        ap = os.path.abspath(sp["abs_path"])
-        aid = str(uuid.uuid4())
-        iid = str(uuid.uuid4())
-        path_list.append(ap)
-        path_to_asset[ap] = aid
-
-        asset_rows.append(
-            {
-                "id": aid,
-                "hash": None,
-                "size_bytes": sp["size_bytes"],
-                "mime_type": None,
-                "created_at": now,
-            }
-        )
-        state_rows.append(
-            {
-                "asset_id": aid,
-                "file_path": ap,
-                "mtime_ns": sp["mtime_ns"],
-            }
-        )
-        asset_to_info[aid] = {
-            "id": iid,
-            "owner_id": owner_id,
-            "name": sp["info_name"],
-            "asset_id": aid,
-            "preview_id": None,
-            "user_metadata": {"filename": sp["fname"]} if sp["fname"] else None,
-            "created_at": now,
-            "updated_at": now,
-            "last_access_time": now,
-            "_tags": sp["tags"],
-            "_filename": sp["fname"],
-        }
-
-    # insert all seed Assets (hash=NULL)
-    ins_asset = sqlite.insert(Asset)
-    for chunk in _iter_chunks(asset_rows, _rows_per_stmt(5)):
-        session.execute(ins_asset, chunk)
-
-    # try to claim AssetCacheState (file_path)
-    # Insert with ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING, then query to find which paths were actually inserted
-    ins_state = (
-        sqlite.insert(AssetCacheState)
-        .on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=[AssetCacheState.file_path])
-    )
-    for chunk in _iter_chunks(state_rows, _rows_per_stmt(3)):
-        session.execute(ins_state, chunk)
-
-    # Query to find which of our paths won (were actually inserted)
-    winners_by_path: set[str] = set()
-    for chunk in _iter_chunks(path_list, MAX_BIND_PARAMS):
-        result = session.execute(
-            sqlalchemy.select(AssetCacheState.file_path)
-            .where(AssetCacheState.file_path.in_(chunk))
-            .where(AssetCacheState.asset_id.in_([path_to_asset[p] for p in chunk]))
-        )
-        winners_by_path.update(result.scalars().all())
-
-    all_paths_set = set(path_list)
-    losers_by_path = all_paths_set - winners_by_path
-    lost_assets = [path_to_asset[p] for p in losers_by_path]
-    if lost_assets:  # losers get their Asset removed
-        for id_chunk in _iter_chunks(lost_assets, MAX_BIND_PARAMS):
-            session.execute(sqlalchemy.delete(Asset).where(Asset.id.in_(id_chunk)))
-
-    if not winners_by_path:
-        return {"inserted_infos": 0, "won_states": 0, "lost_states": len(losers_by_path)}
-
-    # insert AssetInfo only for winners
-    # Insert with ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING, then query to find which were actually inserted
-    winner_info_rows = [asset_to_info[path_to_asset[p]] for p in winners_by_path]
-    ins_info = (
-        sqlite.insert(AssetInfo)
-        .on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=[AssetInfo.asset_id, AssetInfo.owner_id, AssetInfo.name])
-    )
-    for chunk in _iter_chunks(winner_info_rows, _rows_per_stmt(9)):
-        session.execute(ins_info, chunk)
-
-    # Query to find which info rows were actually inserted (by matching our generated IDs)
-    all_info_ids = [row["id"] for row in winner_info_rows]
-    inserted_info_ids: set[str] = set()
-    for chunk in _iter_chunks(all_info_ids, MAX_BIND_PARAMS):
-        result = session.execute(
-            sqlalchemy.select(AssetInfo.id).where(AssetInfo.id.in_(chunk))
-        )
-        inserted_info_ids.update(result.scalars().all())
-
-    # build and insert tag + meta rows for the AssetInfo
-    tag_rows: list[dict] = []
-    meta_rows: list[dict] = []
-    if inserted_info_ids:
-        for row in winner_info_rows:
-            iid = row["id"]
-            if iid not in inserted_info_ids:
-                continue
-            for t in row["_tags"]:
-                tag_rows.append({
-                    "asset_info_id": iid,
-                    "tag_name": t,
-                    "origin": "automatic",
-                    "added_at": now,
-                })
-            if row["_filename"]:
-                meta_rows.append(
-                    {
-                        "asset_info_id": iid,
-                        "key": "filename",
-                        "ordinal": 0,
-                        "val_str": row["_filename"],
-                        "val_num": None,
-                        "val_bool": None,
-                        "val_json": None,
-                    }
-                )
-
-    bulk_insert_tags_and_meta(session, tag_rows=tag_rows, meta_rows=meta_rows, max_bind_params=MAX_BIND_PARAMS)
-    return {
-        "inserted_infos": len(inserted_info_ids),
-        "won_states": len(winners_by_path),
-        "lost_states": len(losers_by_path),
-    }
-
-
-def bulk_insert_tags_and_meta(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    tag_rows: list[dict],
-    meta_rows: list[dict],
-    max_bind_params: int,
-) -> None:
-    """Batch insert into asset_info_tags and asset_info_meta with ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING.
-    - tag_rows keys: asset_info_id, tag_name, origin, added_at
-    - meta_rows keys: asset_info_id, key, ordinal, val_str, val_num, val_bool, val_json
-    """
-    if tag_rows:
-        ins_links = (
-            sqlite.insert(AssetInfoTag)
-            .on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=[AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id, AssetInfoTag.tag_name])
-        )
-        for chunk in _chunk_rows(tag_rows, cols_per_row=4, max_bind_params=max_bind_params):
-            session.execute(ins_links, chunk)
-    if meta_rows:
-        ins_meta = (
-            sqlite.insert(AssetInfoMeta)
-            .on_conflict_do_nothing(
-                index_elements=[AssetInfoMeta.asset_info_id, AssetInfoMeta.key, AssetInfoMeta.ordinal]
-            )
-        )
-        for chunk in _chunk_rows(meta_rows, cols_per_row=7, max_bind_params=max_bind_params):
-            session.execute(ins_meta, chunk)

app/assets/database/models.py

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import uuid
 from datetime import datetime
-
 from typing import Any
+
 from sqlalchemy import (
     JSON,
     BigInteger,
@@ -16,48 +16,43 @@ from sqlalchemy import (
     Numeric,
     String,
     Text,
-    UniqueConstraint,
 )
 from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, foreign, mapped_column, relationship
 
-from app.assets.helpers import utcnow
-from app.database.models import to_dict, Base
+from app.assets.helpers import get_utc_now
+from app.database.models import Base, to_dict
 
 
 class Asset(Base):
     __tablename__ = "assets"
 
-    id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(36), primary_key=True, default=lambda: str(uuid.uuid4()))
+    id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+        String(36), primary_key=True, default=lambda: str(uuid.uuid4())
+    )
     hash: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(256), nullable=True)
     size_bytes: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(BigInteger, nullable=False, default=0)
     mime_type: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(255))
     created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
-        DateTime(timezone=False), nullable=False, default=utcnow
+        DateTime(timezone=False), nullable=False, default=get_utc_now
     )
 
-    infos: Mapped[list[AssetInfo]] = relationship(
-        "AssetInfo",
+    references: Mapped[list[AssetReference]] = relationship(
+        "AssetReference",
         back_populates="asset",
-        primaryjoin=lambda: Asset.id == foreign(AssetInfo.asset_id),
-        foreign_keys=lambda: [AssetInfo.asset_id],
+        primaryjoin=lambda: Asset.id == foreign(AssetReference.asset_id),
+        foreign_keys=lambda: [AssetReference.asset_id],
         cascade="all,delete-orphan",
         passive_deletes=True,
     )
 
-    preview_of: Mapped[list[AssetInfo]] = relationship(
-        "AssetInfo",
+    preview_of: Mapped[list[AssetReference]] = relationship(
+        "AssetReference",
         back_populates="preview_asset",
-        primaryjoin=lambda: Asset.id == foreign(AssetInfo.preview_id),
-        foreign_keys=lambda: [AssetInfo.preview_id],
+        primaryjoin=lambda: Asset.id == foreign(AssetReference.preview_id),
+        foreign_keys=lambda: [AssetReference.preview_id],
         viewonly=True,
     )
 
-    cache_states: Mapped[list[AssetCacheState]] = relationship(
-        back_populates="asset",
-        cascade="all, delete-orphan",
-        passive_deletes=True,
-    )
-
     __table_args__ = (
         Index("uq_assets_hash", "hash", unique=True),
         Index("ix_assets_mime_type", "mime_type"),
@@ -71,47 +66,52 @@ class Asset(Base):
         return f"<Asset id={self.id} hash={(self.hash or '')[:12]}>"
 
 
-class AssetCacheState(Base):
-    __tablename__ = "asset_cache_state"
+class AssetReference(Base):
+    """Unified model combining file cache state and user-facing metadata.
 
-    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
-    asset_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(36), ForeignKey("assets.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=False)
-    file_path: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(Text, nullable=False)
-    mtime_ns: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(BigInteger, nullable=True)
-    needs_verify: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, nullable=False, default=False)
+    Each row represents either:
+    - A filesystem reference (file_path is set) with cache state
+    - An API-created reference (file_path is NULL) without cache state
+    """
 
-    asset: Mapped[Asset] = relationship(back_populates="cache_states")
+    __tablename__ = "asset_references"
 
-    __table_args__ = (
-        Index("ix_asset_cache_state_file_path", "file_path"),
-        Index("ix_asset_cache_state_asset_id", "asset_id"),
-        CheckConstraint("(mtime_ns IS NULL) OR (mtime_ns >= 0)", name="ck_acs_mtime_nonneg"),
-        UniqueConstraint("file_path", name="uq_asset_cache_state_file_path"),
+    id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+        String(36), primary_key=True, default=lambda: str(uuid.uuid4())
+    )
+    asset_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+        String(36), ForeignKey("assets.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=False
     )
 
-    def to_dict(self, include_none: bool = False) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        return to_dict(self, include_none=include_none)
+    # Cache state fields (from former AssetCacheState)
+    file_path: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text, nullable=True)
+    mtime_ns: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(BigInteger, nullable=True)
+    needs_verify: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, nullable=False, default=False)
+    is_missing: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, nullable=False, default=False)
+    enrichment_level: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, nullable=False, default=0)
 
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<AssetCacheState id={self.id} asset_id={self.asset_id} path={self.file_path!r}>"
-
-
-class AssetInfo(Base):
-    __tablename__ = "assets_info"
-
-    id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(36), primary_key=True, default=lambda: str(uuid.uuid4()))
+    # Info fields (from former AssetInfo)
     owner_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(128), nullable=False, default="")
     name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(512), nullable=False)
-    asset_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(36), ForeignKey("assets.id", ondelete="RESTRICT"), nullable=False)
-    preview_id: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(36), ForeignKey("assets.id", ondelete="SET NULL"))
-    user_metadata: Mapped[dict[str, Any] | None] = mapped_column(JSON(none_as_null=True))
-    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=False), nullable=False, default=utcnow)
-    updated_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=False), nullable=False, default=utcnow)
-    last_access_time: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=False), nullable=False, default=utcnow)
+    preview_id: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(
+        String(36), ForeignKey("assets.id", ondelete="SET NULL")
+    )
+    user_metadata: Mapped[dict[str, Any] | None] = mapped_column(
+        JSON(none_as_null=True)
+    )
+    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
+        DateTime(timezone=False), nullable=False, default=get_utc_now
+    )
+    updated_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
+        DateTime(timezone=False), nullable=False, default=get_utc_now
+    )
+    last_access_time: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
+        DateTime(timezone=False), nullable=False, default=get_utc_now
+    )
 
     asset: Mapped[Asset] = relationship(
         "Asset",
-        back_populates="infos",
+        back_populates="references",
         foreign_keys=[asset_id],
         lazy="selectin",
     )
@@ -121,35 +121,44 @@ class AssetInfo(Base):
         foreign_keys=[preview_id],
     )
 
-    metadata_entries: Mapped[list[AssetInfoMeta]] = relationship(
-        back_populates="asset_info",
+    metadata_entries: Mapped[list[AssetReferenceMeta]] = relationship(
+        back_populates="asset_reference",
         cascade="all,delete-orphan",
         passive_deletes=True,
     )
 
-    tag_links: Mapped[list[AssetInfoTag]] = relationship(
-        back_populates="asset_info",
+    tag_links: Mapped[list[AssetReferenceTag]] = relationship(
+        back_populates="asset_reference",
         cascade="all,delete-orphan",
         passive_deletes=True,
-        overlaps="tags,asset_infos",
+        overlaps="tags,asset_references",
     )
 
     tags: Mapped[list[Tag]] = relationship(
-        secondary="asset_info_tags",
-        back_populates="asset_infos",
+        secondary="asset_reference_tags",
+        back_populates="asset_references",
         lazy="selectin",
         viewonly=True,
-        overlaps="tag_links,asset_info_links,asset_infos,tag",
+        overlaps="tag_links,asset_reference_links,asset_references,tag",
     )
 
     __table_args__ = (
-        UniqueConstraint("asset_id", "owner_id", "name", name="uq_assets_info_asset_owner_name"),
-        Index("ix_assets_info_owner_name", "owner_id", "name"),
-        Index("ix_assets_info_owner_id", "owner_id"),
-        Index("ix_assets_info_asset_id", "asset_id"),
-        Index("ix_assets_info_name", "name"),
-        Index("ix_assets_info_created_at", "created_at"),
-        Index("ix_assets_info_last_access_time", "last_access_time"),
+        Index("uq_asset_references_file_path", "file_path", unique=True),
+        Index("ix_asset_references_asset_id", "asset_id"),
+        Index("ix_asset_references_owner_id", "owner_id"),
+        Index("ix_asset_references_name", "name"),
+        Index("ix_asset_references_is_missing", "is_missing"),
+        Index("ix_asset_references_enrichment_level", "enrichment_level"),
+        Index("ix_asset_references_created_at", "created_at"),
+        Index("ix_asset_references_last_access_time", "last_access_time"),
+        Index("ix_asset_references_owner_name", "owner_id", "name"),
+        CheckConstraint(
+            "(mtime_ns IS NULL) OR (mtime_ns >= 0)", name="ck_ar_mtime_nonneg"
+        ),
+        CheckConstraint(
+            "enrichment_level >= 0 AND enrichment_level <= 2",
+            name="ck_ar_enrichment_level_range",
+        ),
     )
 
     def to_dict(self, include_none: bool = False) -> dict[str, Any]:
@@ -158,14 +167,17 @@ class AssetInfo(Base):
         return data
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<AssetInfo id={self.id} name={self.name!r} asset_id={self.asset_id}>"
+        path_part = f" path={self.file_path!r}" if self.file_path else ""
+        return f"<AssetReference id={self.id} name={self.name!r}{path_part}>"
 
 
-class AssetInfoMeta(Base):
-    __tablename__ = "asset_info_meta"
+class AssetReferenceMeta(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "asset_reference_meta"
 
-    asset_info_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
-        String(36), ForeignKey("assets_info.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), primary_key=True
+    asset_reference_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+        String(36),
+        ForeignKey("asset_references.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
+        primary_key=True,
     )
     key: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(256), primary_key=True)
     ordinal: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True, default=0)
@@ -175,36 +187,40 @@ class AssetInfoMeta(Base):
     val_bool: Mapped[bool | None] = mapped_column(Boolean, nullable=True)
     val_json: Mapped[Any | None] = mapped_column(JSON(none_as_null=True), nullable=True)
 
-    asset_info: Mapped[AssetInfo] = relationship(back_populates="metadata_entries")
+    asset_reference: Mapped[AssetReference] = relationship(
+        back_populates="metadata_entries"
+    )
 
     __table_args__ = (
-        Index("ix_asset_info_meta_key", "key"),
-        Index("ix_asset_info_meta_key_val_str", "key", "val_str"),
-        Index("ix_asset_info_meta_key_val_num", "key", "val_num"),
-        Index("ix_asset_info_meta_key_val_bool", "key", "val_bool"),
+        Index("ix_asset_reference_meta_key", "key"),
+        Index("ix_asset_reference_meta_key_val_str", "key", "val_str"),
+        Index("ix_asset_reference_meta_key_val_num", "key", "val_num"),
+        Index("ix_asset_reference_meta_key_val_bool", "key", "val_bool"),
     )
 
 
-class AssetInfoTag(Base):
-    __tablename__ = "asset_info_tags"
+class AssetReferenceTag(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "asset_reference_tags"
 
-    asset_info_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
-        String(36), ForeignKey("assets_info.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), primary_key=True
+    asset_reference_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+        String(36),
+        ForeignKey("asset_references.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
+        primary_key=True,
     )
     tag_name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
         String(512), ForeignKey("tags.name", ondelete="RESTRICT"), primary_key=True
     )
     origin: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(32), nullable=False, default="manual")
     added_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
-        DateTime(timezone=False), nullable=False, default=utcnow
+        DateTime(timezone=False), nullable=False, default=get_utc_now
     )
 
-    asset_info: Mapped[AssetInfo] = relationship(back_populates="tag_links")
-    tag: Mapped[Tag] = relationship(back_populates="asset_info_links")
+    asset_reference: Mapped[AssetReference] = relationship(back_populates="tag_links")
+    tag: Mapped[Tag] = relationship(back_populates="asset_reference_links")
 
     __table_args__ = (
-        Index("ix_asset_info_tags_tag_name", "tag_name"),
-        Index("ix_asset_info_tags_asset_info_id", "asset_info_id"),
+        Index("ix_asset_reference_tags_tag_name", "tag_name"),
+        Index("ix_asset_reference_tags_asset_reference_id", "asset_reference_id"),
     )
 
 
@@ -214,20 +230,18 @@ class Tag(Base):
     name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(512), primary_key=True)
     tag_type: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(32), nullable=False, default="user")
 
-    asset_info_links: Mapped[list[AssetInfoTag]] = relationship(
+    asset_reference_links: Mapped[list[AssetReferenceTag]] = relationship(
         back_populates="tag",
-        overlaps="asset_infos,tags",
+        overlaps="asset_references,tags",
     )
-    asset_infos: Mapped[list[AssetInfo]] = relationship(
-        secondary="asset_info_tags",
+    asset_references: Mapped[list[AssetReference]] = relationship(
+        secondary="asset_reference_tags",
         back_populates="tags",
         viewonly=True,
-        overlaps="asset_info_links,tag_links,tags,asset_info",
+        overlaps="asset_reference_links,tag_links,tags,asset_reference",
     )
 
-    __table_args__ = (
-        Index("ix_tags_tag_type", "tag_type"),
-    )
+    __table_args__ = (Index("ix_tags_tag_type", "tag_type"),)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"<Tag {self.name}>"

app/assets/database/queries.py

@@ -1,976 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import logging
-import sqlalchemy as sa
-from collections import defaultdict
-from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Iterable, Any
-from sqlalchemy import select, delete, exists, func
-from sqlalchemy.dialects import sqlite
-from sqlalchemy.exc import IntegrityError
-from sqlalchemy.orm import Session, contains_eager, noload
-from app.assets.database.models import Asset, AssetInfo, AssetCacheState, AssetInfoMeta, AssetInfoTag, Tag
-from app.assets.helpers import (
-    compute_relative_filename, escape_like_prefix, normalize_tags, project_kv, utcnow
-)
-from typing import Sequence
-
-
-def visible_owner_clause(owner_id: str) -> sa.sql.ClauseElement:
-    """Build owner visibility predicate for reads. Owner-less rows are visible to everyone."""
-    owner_id = (owner_id or "").strip()
-    if owner_id == "":
-        return AssetInfo.owner_id == ""
-    return AssetInfo.owner_id.in_(["", owner_id])
-
-
-def pick_best_live_path(states: Sequence[AssetCacheState]) -> str:
-    """
-    Return the best on-disk path among cache states:
-      1) Prefer a path that exists with needs_verify == False (already verified).
-      2) Otherwise, pick the first path that exists.
-      3) Otherwise return empty string.
-    """
-    alive = [s for s in states if getattr(s, "file_path", None) and os.path.isfile(s.file_path)]
-    if not alive:
-        return ""
-    for s in alive:
-        if not getattr(s, "needs_verify", False):
-            return s.file_path
-    return alive[0].file_path
-
-
-def apply_tag_filters(
-    stmt: sa.sql.Select,
-    include_tags: Sequence[str] | None = None,
-    exclude_tags: Sequence[str] | None = None,
-) -> sa.sql.Select:
-    """include_tags: every tag must be present; exclude_tags: none may be present."""
-    include_tags = normalize_tags(include_tags)
-    exclude_tags = normalize_tags(exclude_tags)
-
-    if include_tags:
-        for tag_name in include_tags:
-            stmt = stmt.where(
-                exists().where(
-                    (AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id == AssetInfo.id)
-                    & (AssetInfoTag.tag_name == tag_name)
-                )
-            )
-
-    if exclude_tags:
-        stmt = stmt.where(
-            ~exists().where(
-                (AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id == AssetInfo.id)
-                & (AssetInfoTag.tag_name.in_(exclude_tags))
-            )
-        )
-    return stmt
-
-
-def apply_metadata_filter(
-    stmt: sa.sql.Select,
-    metadata_filter: dict | None = None,
-) -> sa.sql.Select:
-    """Apply filters using asset_info_meta projection table."""
-    if not metadata_filter:
-        return stmt
-
-    def _exists_for_pred(key: str, *preds) -> sa.sql.ClauseElement:
-        return sa.exists().where(
-            AssetInfoMeta.asset_info_id == AssetInfo.id,
-            AssetInfoMeta.key == key,
-            *preds,
-        )
-
-    def _exists_clause_for_value(key: str, value) -> sa.sql.ClauseElement:
-        if value is None:
-            no_row_for_key = sa.not_(
-                sa.exists().where(
-                    AssetInfoMeta.asset_info_id == AssetInfo.id,
-                    AssetInfoMeta.key == key,
-                )
-            )
-            null_row = _exists_for_pred(
-                key,
-                AssetInfoMeta.val_json.is_(None),
-                AssetInfoMeta.val_str.is_(None),
-                AssetInfoMeta.val_num.is_(None),
-                AssetInfoMeta.val_bool.is_(None),
-            )
-            return sa.or_(no_row_for_key, null_row)
-
-        if isinstance(value, bool):
-            return _exists_for_pred(key, AssetInfoMeta.val_bool == bool(value))
-        if isinstance(value, (int, float)):
-            from decimal import Decimal
-            num = value if isinstance(value, Decimal) else Decimal(str(value))
-            return _exists_for_pred(key, AssetInfoMeta.val_num == num)
-        if isinstance(value, str):
-            return _exists_for_pred(key, AssetInfoMeta.val_str == value)
-        return _exists_for_pred(key, AssetInfoMeta.val_json == value)
-
-    for k, v in metadata_filter.items():
-        if isinstance(v, list):
-            ors = [_exists_clause_for_value(k, elem) for elem in v]
-            if ors:
-                stmt = stmt.where(sa.or_(*ors))
-        else:
-            stmt = stmt.where(_exists_clause_for_value(k, v))
-    return stmt
-
-
-def asset_exists_by_hash(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_hash: str,
-) -> bool:
-    """
-    Check if an asset with a given hash exists in database.
-    """
-    row = (
-        session.execute(
-            select(sa.literal(True)).select_from(Asset).where(Asset.hash == asset_hash).limit(1)
-        )
-    ).first()
-    return row is not None
-
-
-def asset_info_exists_for_asset_id(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_id: str,
-) -> bool:
-    q = (
-        select(sa.literal(True))
-        .select_from(AssetInfo)
-        .where(AssetInfo.asset_id == asset_id)
-        .limit(1)
-    )
-    return (session.execute(q)).first() is not None
-
-
-def get_asset_by_hash(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_hash: str,
-) -> Asset | None:
-    return (
-        session.execute(select(Asset).where(Asset.hash == asset_hash).limit(1))
-    ).scalars().first()
-
-
-def get_asset_info_by_id(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-) -> AssetInfo | None:
-    return session.get(AssetInfo, asset_info_id)
-
-
-def list_asset_infos_page(
-    session: Session,
-    owner_id: str = "",
-    include_tags: Sequence[str] | None = None,
-    exclude_tags: Sequence[str] | None = None,
-    name_contains: str | None = None,
-    metadata_filter: dict | None = None,
-    limit: int = 20,
-    offset: int = 0,
-    sort: str = "created_at",
-    order: str = "desc",
-) -> tuple[list[AssetInfo], dict[str, list[str]], int]:
-    base = (
-        select(AssetInfo)
-        .join(Asset, Asset.id == AssetInfo.asset_id)
-        .options(contains_eager(AssetInfo.asset), noload(AssetInfo.tags))
-        .where(visible_owner_clause(owner_id))
-    )
-
-    if name_contains:
-        escaped, esc = escape_like_prefix(name_contains)
-        base = base.where(AssetInfo.name.ilike(f"%{escaped}%", escape=esc))
-
-    base = apply_tag_filters(base, include_tags, exclude_tags)
-    base = apply_metadata_filter(base, metadata_filter)
-
-    sort = (sort or "created_at").lower()
-    order = (order or "desc").lower()
-    sort_map = {
-        "name": AssetInfo.name,
-        "created_at": AssetInfo.created_at,
-        "updated_at": AssetInfo.updated_at,
-        "last_access_time": AssetInfo.last_access_time,
-        "size": Asset.size_bytes,
-    }
-    sort_col = sort_map.get(sort, AssetInfo.created_at)
-    sort_exp = sort_col.desc() if order == "desc" else sort_col.asc()
-
-    base = base.order_by(sort_exp).limit(limit).offset(offset)
-
-    count_stmt = (
-        select(sa.func.count())
-        .select_from(AssetInfo)
-        .join(Asset, Asset.id == AssetInfo.asset_id)
-        .where(visible_owner_clause(owner_id))
-    )
-    if name_contains:
-        escaped, esc = escape_like_prefix(name_contains)
-        count_stmt = count_stmt.where(AssetInfo.name.ilike(f"%{escaped}%", escape=esc))
-    count_stmt = apply_tag_filters(count_stmt, include_tags, exclude_tags)
-    count_stmt = apply_metadata_filter(count_stmt, metadata_filter)
-
-    total = int((session.execute(count_stmt)).scalar_one() or 0)
-
-    infos = (session.execute(base)).unique().scalars().all()
-
-    id_list: list[str] = [i.id for i in infos]
-    tag_map: dict[str, list[str]] = defaultdict(list)
-    if id_list:
-        rows = session.execute(
-            select(AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id, Tag.name)
-            .join(Tag, Tag.name == AssetInfoTag.tag_name)
-            .where(AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id.in_(id_list))
-            .order_by(AssetInfoTag.added_at)
-        )
-        for aid, tag_name in rows.all():
-            tag_map[aid].append(tag_name)
-
-    return infos, tag_map, total
-
-
-def fetch_asset_info_asset_and_tags(
-    session: Session,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-    owner_id: str = "",
-) -> tuple[AssetInfo, Asset, list[str]] | None:
-    stmt = (
-        select(AssetInfo, Asset, Tag.name)
-        .join(Asset, Asset.id == AssetInfo.asset_id)
-        .join(AssetInfoTag, AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id == AssetInfo.id, isouter=True)
-        .join(Tag, Tag.name == AssetInfoTag.tag_name, isouter=True)
-        .where(
-            AssetInfo.id == asset_info_id,
-            visible_owner_clause(owner_id),
-        )
-        .options(noload(AssetInfo.tags))
-        .order_by(Tag.name.asc())
-    )
-
-    rows = (session.execute(stmt)).all()
-    if not rows:
-        return None
-
-    first_info, first_asset, _ = rows[0]
-    tags: list[str] = []
-    seen: set[str] = set()
-    for _info, _asset, tag_name in rows:
-        if tag_name and tag_name not in seen:
-            seen.add(tag_name)
-            tags.append(tag_name)
-    return first_info, first_asset, tags
-
-
-def fetch_asset_info_and_asset(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-    owner_id: str = "",
-) -> tuple[AssetInfo, Asset] | None:
-    stmt = (
-        select(AssetInfo, Asset)
-        .join(Asset, Asset.id == AssetInfo.asset_id)
-        .where(
-            AssetInfo.id == asset_info_id,
-            visible_owner_clause(owner_id),
-        )
-        .limit(1)
-        .options(noload(AssetInfo.tags))
-    )
-    row = session.execute(stmt)
-    pair = row.first()
-    if not pair:
-        return None
-    return pair[0], pair[1]
-
-def list_cache_states_by_asset_id(
-    session: Session, *, asset_id: str
-) -> Sequence[AssetCacheState]:
-    return (
-        session.execute(
-            select(AssetCacheState)
-            .where(AssetCacheState.asset_id == asset_id)
-            .order_by(AssetCacheState.id.asc())
-        )
-    ).scalars().all()
-
-
-def touch_asset_info_by_id(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-    ts: datetime | None = None,
-    only_if_newer: bool = True,
-) -> None:
-    ts = ts or utcnow()
-    stmt = sa.update(AssetInfo).where(AssetInfo.id == asset_info_id)
-    if only_if_newer:
-        stmt = stmt.where(
-            sa.or_(AssetInfo.last_access_time.is_(None), AssetInfo.last_access_time < ts)
-        )
-    session.execute(stmt.values(last_access_time=ts))
-
-
-def create_asset_info_for_existing_asset(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_hash: str,
-    name: str,
-    user_metadata: dict | None = None,
-    tags: Sequence[str] | None = None,
-    tag_origin: str = "manual",
-    owner_id: str = "",
-) -> AssetInfo:
-    """Create or return an existing AssetInfo for an Asset identified by asset_hash."""
-    now = utcnow()
-    asset = get_asset_by_hash(session, asset_hash=asset_hash)
-    if not asset:
-        raise ValueError(f"Unknown asset hash {asset_hash}")
-
-    info = AssetInfo(
-        owner_id=owner_id,
-        name=name,
-        asset_id=asset.id,
-        preview_id=None,
-        created_at=now,
-        updated_at=now,
-        last_access_time=now,
-    )
-    try:
-        with session.begin_nested():
-            session.add(info)
-            session.flush()
-    except IntegrityError:
-        existing = (
-            session.execute(
-                select(AssetInfo)
-                .options(noload(AssetInfo.tags))
-                .where(
-                    AssetInfo.asset_id == asset.id,
-                    AssetInfo.name == name,
-                    AssetInfo.owner_id == owner_id,
-                )
-                .limit(1)
-            )
-        ).unique().scalars().first()
-        if not existing:
-            raise RuntimeError("AssetInfo upsert failed to find existing row after conflict.")
-        return existing
-
-    # metadata["filename"] hack
-    new_meta = dict(user_metadata or {})
-    computed_filename = None
-    try:
-        p = pick_best_live_path(list_cache_states_by_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset.id))
-        if p:
-            computed_filename = compute_relative_filename(p)
-    except Exception:
-        computed_filename = None
-    if computed_filename:
-        new_meta["filename"] = computed_filename
-    if new_meta:
-        replace_asset_info_metadata_projection(
-            session,
-            asset_info_id=info.id,
-            user_metadata=new_meta,
-        )
-
-    if tags is not None:
-        set_asset_info_tags(
-            session,
-            asset_info_id=info.id,
-            tags=tags,
-            origin=tag_origin,
-        )
-    return info
-
-
-def set_asset_info_tags(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-    tags: Sequence[str],
-    origin: str = "manual",
-) -> dict:
-    desired = normalize_tags(tags)
-
-    current = set(
-        tag_name for (tag_name,) in (
-            session.execute(select(AssetInfoTag.tag_name).where(AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id == asset_info_id))
-        ).all()
-    )
-
-    to_add = [t for t in desired if t not in current]
-    to_remove = [t for t in current if t not in desired]
-
-    if to_add:
-        ensure_tags_exist(session, to_add, tag_type="user")
-        session.add_all([
-            AssetInfoTag(asset_info_id=asset_info_id, tag_name=t, origin=origin, added_at=utcnow())
-            for t in to_add
-        ])
-        session.flush()
-
-    if to_remove:
-        session.execute(
-            delete(AssetInfoTag)
-            .where(AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id == asset_info_id, AssetInfoTag.tag_name.in_(to_remove))
-        )
-        session.flush()
-
-    return {"added": to_add, "removed": to_remove, "total": desired}
-
-
-def replace_asset_info_metadata_projection(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-    user_metadata: dict | None = None,
-) -> None:
-    info = session.get(AssetInfo, asset_info_id)
-    if not info:
-        raise ValueError(f"AssetInfo {asset_info_id} not found")
-
-    info.user_metadata = user_metadata or {}
-    info.updated_at = utcnow()
-    session.flush()
-
-    session.execute(delete(AssetInfoMeta).where(AssetInfoMeta.asset_info_id == asset_info_id))
-    session.flush()
-
-    if not user_metadata:
-        return
-
-    rows: list[AssetInfoMeta] = []
-    for k, v in user_metadata.items():
-        for r in project_kv(k, v):
-            rows.append(
-                AssetInfoMeta(
-                    asset_info_id=asset_info_id,
-                    key=r["key"],
-                    ordinal=int(r["ordinal"]),
-                    val_str=r.get("val_str"),
-                    val_num=r.get("val_num"),
-                    val_bool=r.get("val_bool"),
-                    val_json=r.get("val_json"),
-                )
-            )
-    if rows:
-        session.add_all(rows)
-        session.flush()
-
-
-def ingest_fs_asset(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_hash: str,
-    abs_path: str,
-    size_bytes: int,
-    mtime_ns: int,
-    mime_type: str | None = None,
-    info_name: str | None = None,
-    owner_id: str = "",
-    preview_id: str | None = None,
-    user_metadata: dict | None = None,
-    tags: Sequence[str] = (),
-    tag_origin: str = "manual",
-    require_existing_tags: bool = False,
-) -> dict:
-    """
-    Idempotently upsert:
-      - Asset by content hash (create if missing)
-      - AssetCacheState(file_path) pointing to asset_id
-      - Optionally AssetInfo + tag links and metadata projection
-    Returns flags and ids.
-    """
-    locator = os.path.abspath(abs_path)
-    now = utcnow()
-
-    if preview_id:
-        if not session.get(Asset, preview_id):
-            preview_id = None
-
-    out: dict[str, Any] = {
-        "asset_created": False,
-        "asset_updated": False,
-        "state_created": False,
-        "state_updated": False,
-        "asset_info_id": None,
-    }
-
-    # 1) Asset by hash
-    asset = (
-        session.execute(select(Asset).where(Asset.hash == asset_hash).limit(1))
-    ).scalars().first()
-    if not asset:
-        vals = {
-            "hash": asset_hash,
-            "size_bytes": int(size_bytes),
-            "mime_type": mime_type,
-            "created_at": now,
-        }
-        res = session.execute(
-            sqlite.insert(Asset)
-            .values(**vals)
-            .on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=[Asset.hash])
-        )
-        if int(res.rowcount or 0) > 0:
-            out["asset_created"] = True
-        asset = (
-            session.execute(
-                select(Asset).where(Asset.hash == asset_hash).limit(1)
-            )
-        ).scalars().first()
-        if not asset:
-            raise RuntimeError("Asset row not found after upsert.")
-    else:
-        changed = False
-        if asset.size_bytes != int(size_bytes) and int(size_bytes) > 0:
-            asset.size_bytes = int(size_bytes)
-            changed = True
-        if mime_type and asset.mime_type != mime_type:
-            asset.mime_type = mime_type
-            changed = True
-        if changed:
-            out["asset_updated"] = True
-
-    # 2) AssetCacheState upsert by file_path (unique)
-    vals = {
-        "asset_id": asset.id,
-        "file_path": locator,
-        "mtime_ns": int(mtime_ns),
-    }
-    ins = (
-        sqlite.insert(AssetCacheState)
-        .values(**vals)
-        .on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=[AssetCacheState.file_path])
-    )
-
-    res = session.execute(ins)
-    if int(res.rowcount or 0) > 0:
-        out["state_created"] = True
-    else:
-        upd = (
-            sa.update(AssetCacheState)
-            .where(AssetCacheState.file_path == locator)
-            .where(
-                sa.or_(
-                    AssetCacheState.asset_id != asset.id,
-                    AssetCacheState.mtime_ns.is_(None),
-                    AssetCacheState.mtime_ns != int(mtime_ns),
-                )
-            )
-            .values(asset_id=asset.id, mtime_ns=int(mtime_ns))
-        )
-        res2 = session.execute(upd)
-        if int(res2.rowcount or 0) > 0:
-            out["state_updated"] = True
-
-    # 3) Optional AssetInfo + tags + metadata
-    if info_name:
-        try:
-            with session.begin_nested():
-                info = AssetInfo(
-                    owner_id=owner_id,
-                    name=info_name,
-                    asset_id=asset.id,
-                    preview_id=preview_id,
-                    created_at=now,
-                    updated_at=now,
-                    last_access_time=now,
-                )
-                session.add(info)
-                session.flush()
-                out["asset_info_id"] = info.id
-        except IntegrityError:
-            pass
-
-        existing_info = (
-            session.execute(
-                select(AssetInfo)
-                .where(
-                    AssetInfo.asset_id == asset.id,
-                    AssetInfo.name == info_name,
-                    (AssetInfo.owner_id == owner_id),
-                )
-                .limit(1)
-            )
-        ).unique().scalar_one_or_none()
-        if not existing_info:
-            raise RuntimeError("Failed to update or insert AssetInfo.")
-
-        if preview_id and existing_info.preview_id != preview_id:
-            existing_info.preview_id = preview_id
-
-        existing_info.updated_at = now
-        if existing_info.last_access_time < now:
-            existing_info.last_access_time = now
-        session.flush()
-        out["asset_info_id"] = existing_info.id
-
-        norm = [t.strip().lower() for t in (tags or []) if (t or "").strip()]
-        if norm and out["asset_info_id"] is not None:
-            if not require_existing_tags:
-                ensure_tags_exist(session, norm, tag_type="user")
-
-            existing_tag_names = set(
-                name for (name,) in (session.execute(select(Tag.name).where(Tag.name.in_(norm)))).all()
-            )
-            missing = [t for t in norm if t not in existing_tag_names]
-            if missing and require_existing_tags:
-                raise ValueError(f"Unknown tags: {missing}")
-
-            existing_links = set(
-                tag_name
-                for (tag_name,) in (
-                    session.execute(
-                        select(AssetInfoTag.tag_name).where(AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id == out["asset_info_id"])
-                    )
-                ).all()
-            )
-            to_add = [t for t in norm if t in existing_tag_names and t not in existing_links]
-            if to_add:
-                session.add_all(
-                    [
-                        AssetInfoTag(
-                            asset_info_id=out["asset_info_id"],
-                            tag_name=t,
-                            origin=tag_origin,
-                            added_at=now,
-                        )
-                        for t in to_add
-                    ]
-                )
-                session.flush()
-
-        # metadata["filename"] hack
-        if out["asset_info_id"] is not None:
-            primary_path = pick_best_live_path(list_cache_states_by_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset.id))
-            computed_filename = compute_relative_filename(primary_path) if primary_path else None
-
-            current_meta = existing_info.user_metadata or {}
-            new_meta = dict(current_meta)
-            if user_metadata is not None:
-                for k, v in user_metadata.items():
-                    new_meta[k] = v
-            if computed_filename:
-                new_meta["filename"] = computed_filename
-
-            if new_meta != current_meta:
-                replace_asset_info_metadata_projection(
-                    session,
-                    asset_info_id=out["asset_info_id"],
-                    user_metadata=new_meta,
-                )
-
-    try:
-        remove_missing_tag_for_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset.id)
-    except Exception:
-        logging.exception("Failed to clear 'missing' tag for asset %s", asset.id)
-    return out
-
-
-def update_asset_info_full(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-    name: str | None = None,
-    tags: Sequence[str] | None = None,
-    user_metadata: dict | None = None,
-    tag_origin: str = "manual",
-    asset_info_row: Any = None,
-) -> AssetInfo:
-    if not asset_info_row:
-        info = session.get(AssetInfo, asset_info_id)
-        if not info:
-            raise ValueError(f"AssetInfo {asset_info_id} not found")
-    else:
-        info = asset_info_row
-
-    touched = False
-    if name is not None and name != info.name:
-        info.name = name
-        touched = True
-
-    computed_filename = None
-    try:
-        p = pick_best_live_path(list_cache_states_by_asset_id(session, asset_id=info.asset_id))
-        if p:
-            computed_filename = compute_relative_filename(p)
-    except Exception:
-        computed_filename = None
-
-    if user_metadata is not None:
-        new_meta = dict(user_metadata)
-        if computed_filename:
-            new_meta["filename"] = computed_filename
-        replace_asset_info_metadata_projection(
-            session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id, user_metadata=new_meta
-        )
-        touched = True
-    else:
-        if computed_filename:
-            current_meta = info.user_metadata or {}
-            if current_meta.get("filename") != computed_filename:
-                new_meta = dict(current_meta)
-                new_meta["filename"] = computed_filename
-                replace_asset_info_metadata_projection(
-                    session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id, user_metadata=new_meta
-                )
-                touched = True
-
-    if tags is not None:
-        set_asset_info_tags(
-            session,
-            asset_info_id=asset_info_id,
-            tags=tags,
-            origin=tag_origin,
-        )
-        touched = True
-
-    if touched and user_metadata is None:
-        info.updated_at = utcnow()
-        session.flush()
-
-    return info
-
-
-def delete_asset_info_by_id(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-    owner_id: str,
-) -> bool:
-    stmt = sa.delete(AssetInfo).where(
-        AssetInfo.id == asset_info_id,
-        visible_owner_clause(owner_id),
-    )
-    return int((session.execute(stmt)).rowcount or 0) > 0
-
-
-def list_tags_with_usage(
-    session: Session,
-    prefix: str | None = None,
-    limit: int = 100,
-    offset: int = 0,
-    include_zero: bool = True,
-    order: str = "count_desc",
-    owner_id: str = "",
-) -> tuple[list[tuple[str, str, int]], int]:
-    counts_sq = (
-        select(
-            AssetInfoTag.tag_name.label("tag_name"),
-            func.count(AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id).label("cnt"),
-        )
-        .select_from(AssetInfoTag)
-        .join(AssetInfo, AssetInfo.id == AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id)
-        .where(visible_owner_clause(owner_id))
-        .group_by(AssetInfoTag.tag_name)
-        .subquery()
-    )
-
-    q = (
-        select(
-            Tag.name,
-            Tag.tag_type,
-            func.coalesce(counts_sq.c.cnt, 0).label("count"),
-        )
-        .select_from(Tag)
-        .join(counts_sq, counts_sq.c.tag_name == Tag.name, isouter=True)
-    )
-
-    if prefix:
-        escaped, esc = escape_like_prefix(prefix.strip().lower())
-        q = q.where(Tag.name.like(escaped + "%", escape=esc))
-
-    if not include_zero:
-        q = q.where(func.coalesce(counts_sq.c.cnt, 0) > 0)
-
-    if order == "name_asc":
-        q = q.order_by(Tag.name.asc())
-    else:
-        q = q.order_by(func.coalesce(counts_sq.c.cnt, 0).desc(), Tag.name.asc())
-
-    total_q = select(func.count()).select_from(Tag)
-    if prefix:
-        escaped, esc = escape_like_prefix(prefix.strip().lower())
-        total_q = total_q.where(Tag.name.like(escaped + "%", escape=esc))
-    if not include_zero:
-        total_q = total_q.where(
-            Tag.name.in_(select(AssetInfoTag.tag_name).group_by(AssetInfoTag.tag_name))
-        )
-
-    rows = (session.execute(q.limit(limit).offset(offset))).all()
-    total = (session.execute(total_q)).scalar_one()
-
-    rows_norm = [(name, ttype, int(count or 0)) for (name, ttype, count) in rows]
-    return rows_norm, int(total or 0)
-
-
-def ensure_tags_exist(session: Session, names: Iterable[str], tag_type: str = "user") -> None:
-    wanted = normalize_tags(list(names))
-    if not wanted:
-        return
-    rows = [{"name": n, "tag_type": tag_type} for n in list(dict.fromkeys(wanted))]
-    ins = (
-        sqlite.insert(Tag)
-        .values(rows)
-        .on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=[Tag.name])
-    )
-    session.execute(ins)
-
-
-def get_asset_tags(session: Session, *, asset_info_id: str) -> list[str]:
-    return [
-        tag_name for (tag_name,) in (
-            session.execute(
-                select(AssetInfoTag.tag_name).where(AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id == asset_info_id)
-            )
-        ).all()
-    ]
-
-
-def add_tags_to_asset_info(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-    tags: Sequence[str],
-    origin: str = "manual",
-    create_if_missing: bool = True,
-    asset_info_row: Any = None,
-) -> dict:
-    if not asset_info_row:
-        info = session.get(AssetInfo, asset_info_id)
-        if not info:
-            raise ValueError(f"AssetInfo {asset_info_id} not found")
-
-    norm = normalize_tags(tags)
-    if not norm:
-        total = get_asset_tags(session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id)
-        return {"added": [], "already_present": [], "total_tags": total}
-
-    if create_if_missing:
-        ensure_tags_exist(session, norm, tag_type="user")
-
-    current = {
-        tag_name
-        for (tag_name,) in (
-            session.execute(
-                sa.select(AssetInfoTag.tag_name).where(AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id == asset_info_id)
-            )
-        ).all()
-    }
-
-    want = set(norm)
-    to_add = sorted(want - current)
-
-    if to_add:
-        with session.begin_nested() as nested:
-            try:
-                session.add_all(
-                    [
-                        AssetInfoTag(
-                            asset_info_id=asset_info_id,
-                            tag_name=t,
-                            origin=origin,
-                            added_at=utcnow(),
-                        )
-                        for t in to_add
-                    ]
-                )
-                session.flush()
-            except IntegrityError:
-                nested.rollback()
-
-    after = set(get_asset_tags(session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id))
-    return {
-        "added": sorted(((after - current) & want)),
-        "already_present": sorted(want & current),
-        "total_tags": sorted(after),
-    }
-
-
-def remove_tags_from_asset_info(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-    tags: Sequence[str],
-) -> dict:
-    info = session.get(AssetInfo, asset_info_id)
-    if not info:
-        raise ValueError(f"AssetInfo {asset_info_id} not found")
-
-    norm = normalize_tags(tags)
-    if not norm:
-        total = get_asset_tags(session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id)
-        return {"removed": [], "not_present": [], "total_tags": total}
-
-    existing = {
-        tag_name
-        for (tag_name,) in (
-            session.execute(
-                sa.select(AssetInfoTag.tag_name).where(AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id == asset_info_id)
-            )
-        ).all()
-    }
-
-    to_remove = sorted(set(t for t in norm if t in existing))
-    not_present = sorted(set(t for t in norm if t not in existing))
-
-    if to_remove:
-        session.execute(
-            delete(AssetInfoTag)
-            .where(
-                AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id == asset_info_id,
-                AssetInfoTag.tag_name.in_(to_remove),
-            )
-        )
-        session.flush()
-
-    total = get_asset_tags(session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id)
-    return {"removed": to_remove, "not_present": not_present, "total_tags": total}
-
-
-def remove_missing_tag_for_asset_id(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_id: str,
-) -> None:
-    session.execute(
-        sa.delete(AssetInfoTag).where(
-            AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id.in_(sa.select(AssetInfo.id).where(AssetInfo.asset_id == asset_id)),
-            AssetInfoTag.tag_name == "missing",
-        )
-    )
-
-
-def set_asset_info_preview(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-    preview_asset_id: str | None = None,
-) -> None:
-    """Set or clear preview_id and bump updated_at. Raises on unknown IDs."""
-    info = session.get(AssetInfo, asset_info_id)
-    if not info:
-        raise ValueError(f"AssetInfo {asset_info_id} not found")
-
-    if preview_asset_id is None:
-        info.preview_id = None
-    else:
-        # validate preview asset exists
-        if not session.get(Asset, preview_asset_id):
-            raise ValueError(f"Preview Asset {preview_asset_id} not found")
-        info.preview_id = preview_asset_id
-
-    info.updated_at = utcnow()
-    session.flush()

app/assets/database/queries/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+from app.assets.database.queries.asset import (
+    asset_exists_by_hash,
+    bulk_insert_assets,
+    get_asset_by_hash,
+    get_existing_asset_ids,
+    reassign_asset_references,
+    update_asset_hash_and_mime,
+    upsert_asset,
+)
+from app.assets.database.queries.asset_reference import (
+    CacheStateRow,
+    UnenrichedReferenceRow,
+    bulk_insert_references_ignore_conflicts,
+    bulk_update_enrichment_level,
+    bulk_update_is_missing,
+    bulk_update_needs_verify,
+    convert_metadata_to_rows,
+    delete_assets_by_ids,
+    delete_orphaned_seed_asset,
+    delete_reference_by_id,
+    delete_references_by_ids,
+    fetch_reference_and_asset,
+    fetch_reference_asset_and_tags,
+    get_or_create_reference,
+    get_reference_by_file_path,
+    get_reference_by_id,
+    get_reference_ids_by_ids,
+    get_references_by_paths_and_asset_ids,
+    get_references_for_prefixes,
+    get_unenriched_references,
+    get_unreferenced_unhashed_asset_ids,
+    insert_reference,
+    list_references_by_asset_id,
+    list_references_page,
+    mark_references_missing_outside_prefixes,
+    reference_exists_for_asset_id,
+    restore_references_by_paths,
+    set_reference_metadata,
+    set_reference_preview,
+    update_enrichment_level,
+    update_reference_access_time,
+    update_reference_name,
+    update_reference_timestamps,
+    update_reference_updated_at,
+    upsert_reference,
+)
+from app.assets.database.queries.tags import (
+    AddTagsDict,
+    RemoveTagsDict,
+    SetTagsDict,
+    add_missing_tag_for_asset_id,
+    add_tags_to_reference,
+    bulk_insert_tags_and_meta,
+    ensure_tags_exist,
+    get_reference_tags,
+    list_tags_with_usage,
+    remove_missing_tag_for_asset_id,
+    remove_tags_from_reference,
+    set_reference_tags,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AddTagsDict",
+    "CacheStateRow",
+    "RemoveTagsDict",
+    "SetTagsDict",
+    "UnenrichedReferenceRow",
+    "add_missing_tag_for_asset_id",
+    "add_tags_to_reference",
+    "asset_exists_by_hash",
+    "bulk_insert_assets",
+    "bulk_insert_references_ignore_conflicts",
+    "bulk_insert_tags_and_meta",
+    "bulk_update_enrichment_level",
+    "bulk_update_is_missing",
+    "bulk_update_needs_verify",
+    "convert_metadata_to_rows",
+    "delete_assets_by_ids",
+    "delete_orphaned_seed_asset",
+    "delete_reference_by_id",
+    "delete_references_by_ids",
+    "ensure_tags_exist",
+    "fetch_reference_and_asset",
+    "fetch_reference_asset_and_tags",
+    "get_asset_by_hash",
+    "get_existing_asset_ids",
+    "get_or_create_reference",
+    "get_reference_by_file_path",
+    "get_reference_by_id",
+    "get_reference_ids_by_ids",
+    "get_reference_tags",
+    "get_references_by_paths_and_asset_ids",
+    "get_references_for_prefixes",
+    "get_unenriched_references",
+    "get_unreferenced_unhashed_asset_ids",
+    "insert_reference",
+    "list_references_by_asset_id",
+    "list_references_page",
+    "list_tags_with_usage",
+    "mark_references_missing_outside_prefixes",
+    "reassign_asset_references",
+    "reference_exists_for_asset_id",
+    "remove_missing_tag_for_asset_id",
+    "remove_tags_from_reference",
+    "restore_references_by_paths",
+    "set_reference_metadata",
+    "set_reference_preview",
+    "set_reference_tags",
+    "update_asset_hash_and_mime",
+    "update_enrichment_level",
+    "update_reference_access_time",
+    "update_reference_name",
+    "update_reference_timestamps",
+    "update_reference_updated_at",
+    "upsert_asset",
+    "upsert_reference",
+]

app/assets/database/queries/asset.py

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy import select
+from sqlalchemy.dialects import sqlite
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.assets.database.models import Asset, AssetReference
+from app.assets.database.queries.common import calculate_rows_per_statement, iter_chunks
+
+
+def asset_exists_by_hash(
+    session: Session,
+    asset_hash: str,
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if an asset with a given hash exists in database.
+    """
+    row = (
+        session.execute(
+            select(sa.literal(True))
+            .select_from(Asset)
+            .where(Asset.hash == asset_hash)
+            .limit(1)
+        )
+    ).first()
+    return row is not None
+
+
+def get_asset_by_hash(
+    session: Session,
+    asset_hash: str,
+) -> Asset | None:
+    return (
+        (session.execute(select(Asset).where(Asset.hash == asset_hash).limit(1)))
+        .scalars()
+        .first()
+    )
+
+
+def upsert_asset(
+    session: Session,
+    asset_hash: str,
+    size_bytes: int,
+    mime_type: str | None = None,
+) -> tuple[Asset, bool, bool]:
+    """Upsert an Asset by hash. Returns (asset, created, updated)."""
+    vals = {"hash": asset_hash, "size_bytes": int(size_bytes)}
+    if mime_type:
+        vals["mime_type"] = mime_type
+
+    ins = (
+        sqlite.insert(Asset)
+        .values(**vals)
+        .on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=[Asset.hash])
+    )
+    res = session.execute(ins)
+    created = int(res.rowcount or 0) > 0
+
+    asset = (
+        session.execute(select(Asset).where(Asset.hash == asset_hash).limit(1))
+        .scalars()
+        .first()
+    )
+    if not asset:
+        raise RuntimeError("Asset row not found after upsert.")
+
+    updated = False
+    if not created:
+        changed = False
+        if asset.size_bytes != int(size_bytes) and int(size_bytes) > 0:
+            asset.size_bytes = int(size_bytes)
+            changed = True
+        if mime_type and asset.mime_type != mime_type:
+            asset.mime_type = mime_type
+            changed = True
+        if changed:
+            updated = True
+
+    return asset, created, updated
+
+
+def bulk_insert_assets(
+    session: Session,
+    rows: list[dict],
+) -> None:
+    """Bulk insert Asset rows with ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING on hash."""
+    if not rows:
+        return
+    ins = sqlite.insert(Asset).on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=[Asset.hash])
+    for chunk in iter_chunks(rows, calculate_rows_per_statement(5)):
+        session.execute(ins, chunk)
+
+
+def get_existing_asset_ids(
+    session: Session,
+    asset_ids: list[str],
+) -> set[str]:
+    """Return the subset of asset_ids that exist in the database."""
+    if not asset_ids:
+        return set()
+    rows = session.execute(
+        select(Asset.id).where(Asset.id.in_(asset_ids))
+    ).fetchall()
+    return {row[0] for row in rows}
+
+
+def update_asset_hash_and_mime(
+    session: Session,
+    asset_id: str,
+    asset_hash: str | None = None,
+    mime_type: str | None = None,
+) -> bool:
+    """Update asset hash and/or mime_type. Returns True if asset was found."""
+    asset = session.get(Asset, asset_id)
+    if not asset:
+        return False
+    if asset_hash is not None:
+        asset.hash = asset_hash
+    if mime_type is not None:
+        asset.mime_type = mime_type
+    return True
+
+
+def reassign_asset_references(
+    session: Session,
+    from_asset_id: str,
+    to_asset_id: str,
+    reference_id: str,
+) -> None:
+    """Reassign a reference from one asset to another.
+
+    Used when merging a stub asset into an existing asset with the same hash.
+    """
+    ref = session.get(AssetReference, reference_id)
+    if ref:
+        ref.asset_id = to_asset_id
+
+    session.flush()

app/assets/database/queries/asset_reference.py

@@ -0,0 +1,991 @@
+"""Query functions for the unified AssetReference table.
+
+This module replaces the separate asset_info.py and cache_state.py query modules,
+providing a unified interface for the merged asset_references table.
+"""
+
+import os
+from collections import defaultdict
+from datetime import datetime
+from decimal import Decimal
+from typing import NamedTuple, Sequence
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy import delete, exists, select
+from sqlalchemy.dialects import sqlite
+from sqlalchemy.exc import IntegrityError
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session, noload
+
+from app.assets.database.models import (
+    Asset,
+    AssetReference,
+    AssetReferenceMeta,
+    AssetReferenceTag,
+    Tag,
+)
+from app.assets.database.queries.common import (
+    MAX_BIND_PARAMS,
+    build_visible_owner_clause,
+    calculate_rows_per_statement,
+    iter_chunks,
+)
+from app.assets.helpers import escape_sql_like_string, get_utc_now, normalize_tags
+
+
+def _check_is_scalar(v):
+    if v is None:
+        return True
+    if isinstance(v, bool):
+        return True
+    if isinstance(v, (int, float, Decimal, str)):
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def _scalar_to_row(key: str, ordinal: int, value) -> dict:
+    """Convert a scalar value to a typed projection row."""
+    if value is None:
+        return {
+            "key": key,
+            "ordinal": ordinal,
+            "val_str": None,
+            "val_num": None,
+            "val_bool": None,
+            "val_json": None,
+        }
+    if isinstance(value, bool):
+        return {"key": key, "ordinal": ordinal, "val_bool": bool(value)}
+    if isinstance(value, (int, float, Decimal)):
+        num = value if isinstance(value, Decimal) else Decimal(str(value))
+        return {"key": key, "ordinal": ordinal, "val_num": num}
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        return {"key": key, "ordinal": ordinal, "val_str": value}
+    return {"key": key, "ordinal": ordinal, "val_json": value}
+
+
+def convert_metadata_to_rows(key: str, value) -> list[dict]:
+    """Turn a metadata key/value into typed projection rows."""
+    if value is None:
+        return [_scalar_to_row(key, 0, None)]
+
+    if _check_is_scalar(value):
+        return [_scalar_to_row(key, 0, value)]
+
+    if isinstance(value, list):
+        if all(_check_is_scalar(x) for x in value):
+            return [_scalar_to_row(key, i, x) for i, x in enumerate(value)]
+        return [{"key": key, "ordinal": i, "val_json": x} for i, x in enumerate(value)]
+
+    return [{"key": key, "ordinal": 0, "val_json": value}]
+
+
+def _apply_tag_filters(
+    stmt: sa.sql.Select,
+    include_tags: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    exclude_tags: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+) -> sa.sql.Select:
+    """include_tags: every tag must be present; exclude_tags: none may be present."""
+    include_tags = normalize_tags(include_tags)
+    exclude_tags = normalize_tags(exclude_tags)
+
+    if include_tags:
+        for tag_name in include_tags:
+            stmt = stmt.where(
+                exists().where(
+                    (AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id == AssetReference.id)
+                    & (AssetReferenceTag.tag_name == tag_name)
+                )
+            )
+
+    if exclude_tags:
+        stmt = stmt.where(
+            ~exists().where(
+                (AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id == AssetReference.id)
+                & (AssetReferenceTag.tag_name.in_(exclude_tags))
+            )
+        )
+    return stmt
+
+
+def _apply_metadata_filter(
+    stmt: sa.sql.Select,
+    metadata_filter: dict | None = None,
+) -> sa.sql.Select:
+    """Apply filters using asset_reference_meta projection table."""
+    if not metadata_filter:
+        return stmt
+
+    def _exists_for_pred(key: str, *preds) -> sa.sql.ClauseElement:
+        return sa.exists().where(
+            AssetReferenceMeta.asset_reference_id == AssetReference.id,
+            AssetReferenceMeta.key == key,
+            *preds,
+        )
+
+    def _exists_clause_for_value(key: str, value) -> sa.sql.ClauseElement:
+        if value is None:
+            no_row_for_key = sa.not_(
+                sa.exists().where(
+                    AssetReferenceMeta.asset_reference_id == AssetReference.id,
+                    AssetReferenceMeta.key == key,
+                )
+            )
+            null_row = _exists_for_pred(
+                key,
+                AssetReferenceMeta.val_json.is_(None),
+                AssetReferenceMeta.val_str.is_(None),
+                AssetReferenceMeta.val_num.is_(None),
+                AssetReferenceMeta.val_bool.is_(None),
+            )
+            return sa.or_(no_row_for_key, null_row)
+
+        if isinstance(value, bool):
+            return _exists_for_pred(key, AssetReferenceMeta.val_bool == bool(value))
+        if isinstance(value, (int, float, Decimal)):
+            num = value if isinstance(value, Decimal) else Decimal(str(value))
+            return _exists_for_pred(key, AssetReferenceMeta.val_num == num)
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            return _exists_for_pred(key, AssetReferenceMeta.val_str == value)
+        return _exists_for_pred(key, AssetReferenceMeta.val_json == value)
+
+    for k, v in metadata_filter.items():
+        if isinstance(v, list):
+            ors = [_exists_clause_for_value(k, elem) for elem in v]
+            if ors:
+                stmt = stmt.where(sa.or_(*ors))
+        else:
+            stmt = stmt.where(_exists_clause_for_value(k, v))
+    return stmt
+
+
+def get_reference_by_id(
+    session: Session,
+    reference_id: str,
+) -> AssetReference | None:
+    return session.get(AssetReference, reference_id)
+
+
+def get_reference_by_file_path(
+    session: Session,
+    file_path: str,
+) -> AssetReference | None:
+    """Get a reference by its file path."""
+    return (
+        session.execute(
+            select(AssetReference).where(AssetReference.file_path == file_path).limit(1)
+        )
+        .scalars()
+        .first()
+    )
+
+
+def reference_exists_for_asset_id(
+    session: Session,
+    asset_id: str,
+) -> bool:
+    q = (
+        select(sa.literal(True))
+        .select_from(AssetReference)
+        .where(AssetReference.asset_id == asset_id)
+        .limit(1)
+    )
+    return session.execute(q).first() is not None
+
+
+def insert_reference(
+    session: Session,
+    asset_id: str,
+    name: str,
+    owner_id: str = "",
+    file_path: str | None = None,
+    mtime_ns: int | None = None,
+    preview_id: str | None = None,
+) -> AssetReference | None:
+    """Insert a new AssetReference. Returns None if unique constraint violated."""
+    now = get_utc_now()
+    try:
+        with session.begin_nested():
+            ref = AssetReference(
+                asset_id=asset_id,
+                name=name,
+                owner_id=owner_id,
+                file_path=file_path,
+                mtime_ns=mtime_ns,
+                preview_id=preview_id,
+                created_at=now,
+                updated_at=now,
+                last_access_time=now,
+            )
+            session.add(ref)
+            session.flush()
+            return ref
+    except IntegrityError:
+        return None
+
+
+def get_or_create_reference(
+    session: Session,
+    asset_id: str,
+    name: str,
+    owner_id: str = "",
+    file_path: str | None = None,
+    mtime_ns: int | None = None,
+    preview_id: str | None = None,
+) -> tuple[AssetReference, bool]:
+    """Get existing or create new AssetReference.
+
+    For filesystem references (file_path is set), uniqueness is by file_path.
+    For API references (file_path is None), we look for matching
+    asset_id + owner_id + name.
+
+    Returns (reference, created).
+    """
+    ref = insert_reference(
+        session,
+        asset_id=asset_id,
+        name=name,
+        owner_id=owner_id,
+        file_path=file_path,
+        mtime_ns=mtime_ns,
+        preview_id=preview_id,
+    )
+    if ref:
+        return ref, True
+
+    # Find existing - priority to file_path match, then name match
+    if file_path:
+        existing = get_reference_by_file_path(session, file_path)
+    else:
+        existing = (
+            session.execute(
+                select(AssetReference)
+                .where(
+                    AssetReference.asset_id == asset_id,
+                    AssetReference.name == name,
+                    AssetReference.owner_id == owner_id,
+                    AssetReference.file_path.is_(None),
+                )
+                .limit(1)
+            )
+            .unique()
+            .scalar_one_or_none()
+        )
+    if not existing:
+        raise RuntimeError("Failed to find AssetReference after insert conflict.")
+    return existing, False
+
+
+def update_reference_timestamps(
+    session: Session,
+    reference: AssetReference,
+    preview_id: str | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Update timestamps and optionally preview_id on existing AssetReference."""
+    now = get_utc_now()
+    if preview_id and reference.preview_id != preview_id:
+        reference.preview_id = preview_id
+    reference.updated_at = now
+
+
+def list_references_page(
+    session: Session,
+    owner_id: str = "",
+    limit: int = 100,
+    offset: int = 0,
+    name_contains: str | None = None,
+    include_tags: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    exclude_tags: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    metadata_filter: dict | None = None,
+    sort: str | None = None,
+    order: str | None = None,
+) -> tuple[list[AssetReference], dict[str, list[str]], int]:
+    """List references with pagination, filtering, and sorting.
+
+    Returns (references, tag_map, total_count).
+    """
+    base = (
+        select(AssetReference)
+        .join(Asset, Asset.id == AssetReference.asset_id)
+        .where(build_visible_owner_clause(owner_id))
+        .where(AssetReference.is_missing == False)  # noqa: E712
+        .options(noload(AssetReference.tags))
+    )
+
+    if name_contains:
+        escaped, esc = escape_sql_like_string(name_contains)
+        base = base.where(AssetReference.name.ilike(f"%{escaped}%", escape=esc))
+
+    base = _apply_tag_filters(base, include_tags, exclude_tags)
+    base = _apply_metadata_filter(base, metadata_filter)
+
+    sort = (sort or "created_at").lower()
+    order = (order or "desc").lower()
+    sort_map = {
+        "name": AssetReference.name,
+        "created_at": AssetReference.created_at,
+        "updated_at": AssetReference.updated_at,
+        "last_access_time": AssetReference.last_access_time,
+        "size": Asset.size_bytes,
+    }
+    sort_col = sort_map.get(sort, AssetReference.created_at)
+    sort_exp = sort_col.desc() if order == "desc" else sort_col.asc()
+
+    base = base.order_by(sort_exp).limit(limit).offset(offset)
+
+    count_stmt = (
+        select(sa.func.count())
+        .select_from(AssetReference)
+        .join(Asset, Asset.id == AssetReference.asset_id)
+        .where(build_visible_owner_clause(owner_id))
+        .where(AssetReference.is_missing == False)  # noqa: E712
+    )
+    if name_contains:
+        escaped, esc = escape_sql_like_string(name_contains)
+        count_stmt = count_stmt.where(
+            AssetReference.name.ilike(f"%{escaped}%", escape=esc)
+        )
+    count_stmt = _apply_tag_filters(count_stmt, include_tags, exclude_tags)
+    count_stmt = _apply_metadata_filter(count_stmt, metadata_filter)
+
+    total = int(session.execute(count_stmt).scalar_one() or 0)
+    refs = session.execute(base).unique().scalars().all()
+
+    id_list: list[str] = [r.id for r in refs]
+    tag_map: dict[str, list[str]] = defaultdict(list)
+    if id_list:
+        rows = session.execute(
+            select(AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id, Tag.name)
+            .join(Tag, Tag.name == AssetReferenceTag.tag_name)
+            .where(AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id.in_(id_list))
+            .order_by(AssetReferenceTag.added_at)
+        )
+        for ref_id, tag_name in rows.all():
+            tag_map[ref_id].append(tag_name)
+
+    return list(refs), tag_map, total
+
+
+def fetch_reference_asset_and_tags(
+    session: Session,
+    reference_id: str,
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> tuple[AssetReference, Asset, list[str]] | None:
+    stmt = (
+        select(AssetReference, Asset, Tag.name)
+        .join(Asset, Asset.id == AssetReference.asset_id)
+        .join(
+            AssetReferenceTag,
+            AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id == AssetReference.id,
+            isouter=True,
+        )
+        .join(Tag, Tag.name == AssetReferenceTag.tag_name, isouter=True)
+        .where(
+            AssetReference.id == reference_id,
+            build_visible_owner_clause(owner_id),
+        )
+        .options(noload(AssetReference.tags))
+        .order_by(Tag.name.asc())
+    )
+
+    rows = session.execute(stmt).all()
+    if not rows:
+        return None
+
+    first_ref, first_asset, _ = rows[0]
+    tags: list[str] = []
+    seen: set[str] = set()
+    for _ref, _asset, tag_name in rows:
+        if tag_name and tag_name not in seen:
+            seen.add(tag_name)
+            tags.append(tag_name)
+    return first_ref, first_asset, tags
+
+
+def fetch_reference_and_asset(
+    session: Session,
+    reference_id: str,
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> tuple[AssetReference, Asset] | None:
+    stmt = (
+        select(AssetReference, Asset)
+        .join(Asset, Asset.id == AssetReference.asset_id)
+        .where(
+            AssetReference.id == reference_id,
+            build_visible_owner_clause(owner_id),
+        )
+        .limit(1)
+        .options(noload(AssetReference.tags))
+    )
+    pair = session.execute(stmt).first()
+    if not pair:
+        return None
+    return pair[0], pair[1]
+
+
+def update_reference_access_time(
+    session: Session,
+    reference_id: str,
+    ts: datetime | None = None,
+    only_if_newer: bool = True,
+) -> None:
+    ts = ts or get_utc_now()
+    stmt = sa.update(AssetReference).where(AssetReference.id == reference_id)
+    if only_if_newer:
+        stmt = stmt.where(
+            sa.or_(
+                AssetReference.last_access_time.is_(None),
+                AssetReference.last_access_time < ts,
+            )
+        )
+    session.execute(stmt.values(last_access_time=ts))
+
+
+def update_reference_name(
+    session: Session,
+    reference_id: str,
+    name: str,
+) -> None:
+    """Update the name of an AssetReference."""
+    now = get_utc_now()
+    session.execute(
+        sa.update(AssetReference)
+        .where(AssetReference.id == reference_id)
+        .values(name=name, updated_at=now)
+    )
+
+
+def update_reference_updated_at(
+    session: Session,
+    reference_id: str,
+    ts: datetime | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Update the updated_at timestamp of an AssetReference."""
+    ts = ts or get_utc_now()
+    session.execute(
+        sa.update(AssetReference)
+        .where(AssetReference.id == reference_id)
+        .values(updated_at=ts)
+    )
+
+
+def set_reference_metadata(
+    session: Session,
+    reference_id: str,
+    user_metadata: dict | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    ref = session.get(AssetReference, reference_id)
+    if not ref:
+        raise ValueError(f"AssetReference {reference_id} not found")
+
+    ref.user_metadata = user_metadata or {}
+    ref.updated_at = get_utc_now()
+    session.flush()
+
+    session.execute(
+        delete(AssetReferenceMeta).where(
+            AssetReferenceMeta.asset_reference_id == reference_id
+        )
+    )
+    session.flush()
+
+    if not user_metadata:
+        return
+
+    rows: list[AssetReferenceMeta] = []
+    for k, v in user_metadata.items():
+        for r in convert_metadata_to_rows(k, v):
+            rows.append(
+                AssetReferenceMeta(
+                    asset_reference_id=reference_id,
+                    key=r["key"],
+                    ordinal=int(r["ordinal"]),
+                    val_str=r.get("val_str"),
+                    val_num=r.get("val_num"),
+                    val_bool=r.get("val_bool"),
+                    val_json=r.get("val_json"),
+                )
+            )
+    if rows:
+        session.add_all(rows)
+        session.flush()
+
+
+def delete_reference_by_id(
+    session: Session,
+    reference_id: str,
+    owner_id: str,
+) -> bool:
+    stmt = sa.delete(AssetReference).where(
+        AssetReference.id == reference_id,
+        build_visible_owner_clause(owner_id),
+    )
+    return int(session.execute(stmt).rowcount or 0) > 0
+
+
+def set_reference_preview(
+    session: Session,
+    reference_id: str,
+    preview_asset_id: str | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Set or clear preview_id and bump updated_at. Raises on unknown IDs."""
+    ref = session.get(AssetReference, reference_id)
+    if not ref:
+        raise ValueError(f"AssetReference {reference_id} not found")
+
+    if preview_asset_id is None:
+        ref.preview_id = None
+    else:
+        if not session.get(Asset, preview_asset_id):
+            raise ValueError(f"Preview Asset {preview_asset_id} not found")
+        ref.preview_id = preview_asset_id
+
+    ref.updated_at = get_utc_now()
+    session.flush()
+
+
+class CacheStateRow(NamedTuple):
+    """Row from reference query with cache state data."""
+
+    reference_id: str
+    file_path: str
+    mtime_ns: int | None
+    needs_verify: bool
+    asset_id: str
+    asset_hash: str | None
+    size_bytes: int
+
+
+def list_references_by_asset_id(
+    session: Session,
+    asset_id: str,
+) -> Sequence[AssetReference]:
+    return (
+        session.execute(
+            select(AssetReference)
+            .where(AssetReference.asset_id == asset_id)
+            .order_by(AssetReference.id.asc())
+        )
+        .scalars()
+        .all()
+    )
+
+
+def upsert_reference(
+    session: Session,
+    asset_id: str,
+    file_path: str,
+    name: str,
+    mtime_ns: int,
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> tuple[bool, bool]:
+    """Upsert a reference by file_path. Returns (created, updated).
+
+    Also restores references that were previously marked as missing.
+    """
+    now = get_utc_now()
+    vals = {
+        "asset_id": asset_id,
+        "file_path": file_path,
+        "name": name,
+        "owner_id": owner_id,
+        "mtime_ns": int(mtime_ns),
+        "is_missing": False,
+        "created_at": now,
+        "updated_at": now,
+        "last_access_time": now,
+    }
+    ins = (
+        sqlite.insert(AssetReference)
+        .values(**vals)
+        .on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=[AssetReference.file_path])
+    )
+    res = session.execute(ins)
+    created = int(res.rowcount or 0) > 0
+
+    if created:
+        return True, False
+
+    upd = (
+        sa.update(AssetReference)
+        .where(AssetReference.file_path == file_path)
+        .where(
+            sa.or_(
+                AssetReference.asset_id != asset_id,
+                AssetReference.mtime_ns.is_(None),
+                AssetReference.mtime_ns != int(mtime_ns),
+                AssetReference.is_missing == True,  # noqa: E712
+            )
+        )
+        .values(
+            asset_id=asset_id, mtime_ns=int(mtime_ns), is_missing=False, updated_at=now
+        )
+    )
+    res2 = session.execute(upd)
+    updated = int(res2.rowcount or 0) > 0
+    return False, updated
+
+
+def mark_references_missing_outside_prefixes(
+    session: Session,
+    valid_prefixes: list[str],
+) -> int:
+    """Mark references as missing when file_path doesn't match any valid prefix.
+
+    Returns number of references marked as missing.
+    """
+    if not valid_prefixes:
+        return 0
+
+    def make_prefix_condition(prefix: str):
+        base = prefix if prefix.endswith(os.sep) else prefix + os.sep
+        escaped, esc = escape_sql_like_string(base)
+        return AssetReference.file_path.like(escaped + "%", escape=esc)
+
+    matches_valid_prefix = sa.or_(*[make_prefix_condition(p) for p in valid_prefixes])
+    result = session.execute(
+        sa.update(AssetReference)
+        .where(AssetReference.file_path.isnot(None))
+        .where(~matches_valid_prefix)
+        .where(AssetReference.is_missing == False)  # noqa: E712
+        .values(is_missing=True)
+    )
+    return result.rowcount
+
+
+def restore_references_by_paths(session: Session, file_paths: list[str]) -> int:
+    """Restore references that were previously marked as missing.
+
+    Returns number of references restored.
+    """
+    if not file_paths:
+        return 0
+
+    result = session.execute(
+        sa.update(AssetReference)
+        .where(AssetReference.file_path.in_(file_paths))
+        .where(AssetReference.is_missing == True)  # noqa: E712
+        .values(is_missing=False)
+    )
+    return result.rowcount
+
+
+def get_unreferenced_unhashed_asset_ids(session: Session) -> list[str]:
+    """Get IDs of unhashed assets (hash=None) with no active references.
+
+    An asset is considered unreferenced if it has no references,
+    or all its references are marked as missing.
+
+    Returns list of asset IDs that are unreferenced.
+    """
+    active_ref_exists = (
+        sa.select(sa.literal(1))
+        .where(AssetReference.asset_id == Asset.id)
+        .where(AssetReference.is_missing == False)  # noqa: E712
+        .correlate(Asset)
+        .exists()
+    )
+    unreferenced_subq = sa.select(Asset.id).where(
+        Asset.hash.is_(None), ~active_ref_exists
+    )
+    return [row[0] for row in session.execute(unreferenced_subq).all()]
+
+
+def delete_assets_by_ids(session: Session, asset_ids: list[str]) -> int:
+    """Delete assets and their references by ID.
+
+    Returns number of assets deleted.
+    """
+    if not asset_ids:
+        return 0
+    session.execute(
+        sa.delete(AssetReference).where(AssetReference.asset_id.in_(asset_ids))
+    )
+    result = session.execute(sa.delete(Asset).where(Asset.id.in_(asset_ids)))
+    return result.rowcount
+
+
+def get_references_for_prefixes(
+    session: Session,
+    prefixes: list[str],
+    *,
+    include_missing: bool = False,
+) -> list[CacheStateRow]:
+    """Get all references with file paths matching any of the given prefixes.
+
+    Args:
+        session: Database session
+        prefixes: List of absolute directory prefixes to match
+        include_missing: If False (default), exclude references marked as missing
+
+    Returns:
+        List of cache state rows with joined asset data
+    """
+    if not prefixes:
+        return []
+
+    conds = []
+    for p in prefixes:
+        base = os.path.abspath(p)
+        if not base.endswith(os.sep):
+            base += os.sep
+        escaped, esc = escape_sql_like_string(base)
+        conds.append(AssetReference.file_path.like(escaped + "%", escape=esc))
+
+    query = (
+        sa.select(
+            AssetReference.id,
+            AssetReference.file_path,
+            AssetReference.mtime_ns,
+            AssetReference.needs_verify,
+            AssetReference.asset_id,
+            Asset.hash,
+            Asset.size_bytes,
+        )
+        .join(Asset, Asset.id == AssetReference.asset_id)
+        .where(AssetReference.file_path.isnot(None))
+        .where(sa.or_(*conds))
+    )
+
+    if not include_missing:
+        query = query.where(AssetReference.is_missing == False)  # noqa: E712
+
+    rows = session.execute(
+        query.order_by(AssetReference.asset_id.asc(), AssetReference.id.asc())
+    ).all()
+
+    return [
+        CacheStateRow(
+            reference_id=row[0],
+            file_path=row[1],
+            mtime_ns=row[2],
+            needs_verify=row[3],
+            asset_id=row[4],
+            asset_hash=row[5],
+            size_bytes=int(row[6] or 0),
+        )
+        for row in rows
+    ]
+
+
+def bulk_update_needs_verify(
+    session: Session, reference_ids: list[str], value: bool
+) -> int:
+    """Set needs_verify flag for multiple references.
+
+    Returns: Number of rows updated
+    """
+    if not reference_ids:
+        return 0
+    result = session.execute(
+        sa.update(AssetReference)
+        .where(AssetReference.id.in_(reference_ids))
+        .values(needs_verify=value)
+    )
+    return result.rowcount
+
+
+def bulk_update_is_missing(
+    session: Session, reference_ids: list[str], value: bool
+) -> int:
+    """Set is_missing flag for multiple references.
+
+    Returns: Number of rows updated
+    """
+    if not reference_ids:
+        return 0
+    result = session.execute(
+        sa.update(AssetReference)
+        .where(AssetReference.id.in_(reference_ids))
+        .values(is_missing=value)
+    )
+    return result.rowcount
+
+
+def delete_references_by_ids(session: Session, reference_ids: list[str]) -> int:
+    """Delete references by their IDs.
+
+    Returns: Number of rows deleted
+    """
+    if not reference_ids:
+        return 0
+    result = session.execute(
+        sa.delete(AssetReference).where(AssetReference.id.in_(reference_ids))
+    )
+    return result.rowcount
+
+
+def delete_orphaned_seed_asset(session: Session, asset_id: str) -> bool:
+    """Delete a seed asset (hash is None) and its references.
+
+    Returns: True if asset was deleted, False if not found
+    """
+    session.execute(
+        sa.delete(AssetReference).where(AssetReference.asset_id == asset_id)
+    )
+    asset = session.get(Asset, asset_id)
+    if asset:
+        session.delete(asset)
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+class UnenrichedReferenceRow(NamedTuple):
+    """Row for references needing enrichment."""
+
+    reference_id: str
+    asset_id: str
+    file_path: str
+    enrichment_level: int
+
+
+def get_unenriched_references(
+    session: Session,
+    prefixes: list[str],
+    max_level: int = 0,
+    limit: int = 1000,
+) -> list[UnenrichedReferenceRow]:
+    """Get references that need enrichment (enrichment_level <= max_level).
+
+    Args:
+        session: Database session
+        prefixes: List of absolute directory prefixes to scan
+        max_level: Maximum enrichment level to include (0=stubs, 1=metadata done)
+        limit: Maximum number of rows to return
+
+    Returns:
+        List of unenriched reference rows with file paths
+    """
+    if not prefixes:
+        return []
+
+    conds = []
+    for p in prefixes:
+        base = os.path.abspath(p)
+        if not base.endswith(os.sep):
+            base += os.sep
+        escaped, esc = escape_sql_like_string(base)
+        conds.append(AssetReference.file_path.like(escaped + "%", escape=esc))
+
+    query = (
+        sa.select(
+            AssetReference.id,
+            AssetReference.asset_id,
+            AssetReference.file_path,
+            AssetReference.enrichment_level,
+        )
+        .where(AssetReference.file_path.isnot(None))
+        .where(sa.or_(*conds))
+        .where(AssetReference.is_missing == False)  # noqa: E712
+        .where(AssetReference.enrichment_level <= max_level)
+        .order_by(AssetReference.id.asc())
+        .limit(limit)
+    )
+
+    rows = session.execute(query).all()
+    return [
+        UnenrichedReferenceRow(
+            reference_id=row[0],
+            asset_id=row[1],
+            file_path=row[2],
+            enrichment_level=row[3],
+        )
+        for row in rows
+    ]
+
+
+def update_enrichment_level(
+    session: Session,
+    reference_id: str,
+    level: int,
+) -> None:
+    """Update the enrichment level for a reference."""
+    session.execute(
+        sa.update(AssetReference)
+        .where(AssetReference.id == reference_id)
+        .values(enrichment_level=level)
+    )
+
+
+def bulk_update_enrichment_level(
+    session: Session,
+    reference_ids: list[str],
+    level: int,
+) -> int:
+    """Update enrichment level for multiple references.
+
+    Returns: Number of rows updated
+    """
+    if not reference_ids:
+        return 0
+    result = session.execute(
+        sa.update(AssetReference)
+        .where(AssetReference.id.in_(reference_ids))
+        .values(enrichment_level=level)
+    )
+    return result.rowcount
+
+
+def bulk_insert_references_ignore_conflicts(
+    session: Session,
+    rows: list[dict],
+) -> None:
+    """Bulk insert reference rows with ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING on file_path.
+
+    Each dict should have: id, asset_id, file_path, name, owner_id, mtime_ns, etc.
+    The is_missing field is automatically set to False for new inserts.
+    """
+    if not rows:
+        return
+    enriched_rows = [{**row, "is_missing": False} for row in rows]
+    ins = sqlite.insert(AssetReference).on_conflict_do_nothing(
+        index_elements=[AssetReference.file_path]
+    )
+    for chunk in iter_chunks(enriched_rows, calculate_rows_per_statement(14)):
+        session.execute(ins, chunk)
+
+
+def get_references_by_paths_and_asset_ids(
+    session: Session,
+    path_to_asset: dict[str, str],
+) -> set[str]:
+    """Query references to find paths where our asset_id won the insert.
+
+    Args:
+        path_to_asset: Mapping of file_path -> asset_id we tried to insert
+
+    Returns:
+        Set of file_paths where our asset_id is present
+    """
+    if not path_to_asset:
+        return set()
+
+    paths = list(path_to_asset.keys())
+    winners: set[str] = set()
+
+    for chunk in iter_chunks(paths, MAX_BIND_PARAMS):
+        result = session.execute(
+            select(AssetReference.file_path).where(
+                AssetReference.file_path.in_(chunk),
+                AssetReference.asset_id.in_([path_to_asset[p] for p in chunk]),
+            )
+        )
+        winners.update(result.scalars().all())
+
+    return winners
+
+
+def get_reference_ids_by_ids(
+    session: Session,
+    reference_ids: list[str],
+) -> set[str]:
+    """Query to find which reference IDs exist in the database."""
+    if not reference_ids:
+        return set()
+
+    found: set[str] = set()
+    for chunk in iter_chunks(reference_ids, MAX_BIND_PARAMS):
+        result = session.execute(
+            select(AssetReference.id).where(AssetReference.id.in_(chunk))
+        )
+        found.update(result.scalars().all())
+    return found

app/assets/database/queries/common.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+"""Shared utilities for database query modules."""
+
+from typing import Iterable
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+
+from app.assets.database.models import AssetReference
+
+MAX_BIND_PARAMS = 800
+
+
+def calculate_rows_per_statement(cols: int) -> int:
+    """Calculate how many rows can fit in one statement given column count."""
+    return max(1, MAX_BIND_PARAMS // max(1, cols))
+
+
+def iter_chunks(seq, n: int):
+    """Yield successive n-sized chunks from seq."""
+    for i in range(0, len(seq), n):
+        yield seq[i : i + n]
+
+
+def iter_row_chunks(rows: list[dict], cols_per_row: int) -> Iterable[list[dict]]:
+    """Yield chunks of rows sized to fit within bind param limits."""
+    if not rows:
+        return
+    rows_per_stmt = calculate_rows_per_statement(cols_per_row)
+    for i in range(0, len(rows), rows_per_stmt):
+        yield rows[i : i + rows_per_stmt]
+
+
+def build_visible_owner_clause(owner_id: str) -> sa.sql.ClauseElement:
+    """Build owner visibility predicate for reads.
+
+    Owner-less rows are visible to everyone.
+    """
+    owner_id = (owner_id or "").strip()
+    if owner_id == "":
+        return AssetReference.owner_id == ""
+    return AssetReference.owner_id.in_(["", owner_id])

app/assets/database/queries/tags.py

@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+from typing import Iterable, Sequence, TypedDict
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy import delete, func, select
+from sqlalchemy.dialects import sqlite
+from sqlalchemy.exc import IntegrityError
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.assets.database.models import (
+    AssetReference,
+    AssetReferenceMeta,
+    AssetReferenceTag,
+    Tag,
+)
+from app.assets.database.queries.common import (
+    build_visible_owner_clause,
+    iter_row_chunks,
+)
+from app.assets.helpers import escape_sql_like_string, get_utc_now, normalize_tags
+
+
+class AddTagsDict(TypedDict):
+    added: list[str]
+    already_present: list[str]
+    total_tags: list[str]
+
+
+class RemoveTagsDict(TypedDict):
+    removed: list[str]
+    not_present: list[str]
+    total_tags: list[str]
+
+
+class SetTagsDict(TypedDict):
+    added: list[str]
+    removed: list[str]
+    total: list[str]
+
+
+def ensure_tags_exist(
+    session: Session, names: Iterable[str], tag_type: str = "user"
+) -> None:
+    wanted = normalize_tags(list(names))
+    if not wanted:
+        return
+    rows = [{"name": n, "tag_type": tag_type} for n in list(dict.fromkeys(wanted))]
+    ins = (
+        sqlite.insert(Tag)
+        .values(rows)
+        .on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=[Tag.name])
+    )
+    session.execute(ins)
+
+
+def get_reference_tags(session: Session, reference_id: str) -> list[str]:
+    return [
+        tag_name
+        for (tag_name,) in (
+            session.execute(
+                select(AssetReferenceTag.tag_name).where(
+                    AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id == reference_id
+                )
+            )
+        ).all()
+    ]
+
+
+def set_reference_tags(
+    session: Session,
+    reference_id: str,
+    tags: Sequence[str],
+    origin: str = "manual",
+) -> SetTagsDict:
+    desired = normalize_tags(tags)
+
+    current = set(
+        tag_name
+        for (tag_name,) in (
+            session.execute(
+                select(AssetReferenceTag.tag_name).where(
+                    AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id == reference_id
+                )
+            )
+        ).all()
+    )
+
+    to_add = [t for t in desired if t not in current]
+    to_remove = [t for t in current if t not in desired]
+
+    if to_add:
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, to_add, tag_type="user")
+        session.add_all(
+            [
+                AssetReferenceTag(
+                    asset_reference_id=reference_id,
+                    tag_name=t,
+                    origin=origin,
+                    added_at=get_utc_now(),
+                )
+                for t in to_add
+            ]
+        )
+        session.flush()
+
+    if to_remove:
+        session.execute(
+            delete(AssetReferenceTag).where(
+                AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id == reference_id,
+                AssetReferenceTag.tag_name.in_(to_remove),
+            )
+        )
+        session.flush()
+
+    return {"added": to_add, "removed": to_remove, "total": desired}
+
+
+def add_tags_to_reference(
+    session: Session,
+    reference_id: str,
+    tags: Sequence[str],
+    origin: str = "manual",
+    create_if_missing: bool = True,
+    reference_row: AssetReference | None = None,
+) -> AddTagsDict:
+    if not reference_row:
+        ref = session.get(AssetReference, reference_id)
+        if not ref:
+            raise ValueError(f"AssetReference {reference_id} not found")
+
+    norm = normalize_tags(tags)
+    if not norm:
+        total = get_reference_tags(session, reference_id=reference_id)
+        return {"added": [], "already_present": [], "total_tags": total}
+
+    if create_if_missing:
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, norm, tag_type="user")
+
+    current = {
+        tag_name
+        for (tag_name,) in (
+            session.execute(
+                sa.select(AssetReferenceTag.tag_name).where(
+                    AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id == reference_id
+                )
+            )
+        ).all()
+    }
+
+    want = set(norm)
+    to_add = sorted(want - current)
+
+    if to_add:
+        with session.begin_nested() as nested:
+            try:
+                session.add_all(
+                    [
+                        AssetReferenceTag(
+                            asset_reference_id=reference_id,
+                            tag_name=t,
+                            origin=origin,
+                            added_at=get_utc_now(),
+                        )
+                        for t in to_add
+                    ]
+                )
+                session.flush()
+            except IntegrityError:
+                nested.rollback()
+
+    after = set(get_reference_tags(session, reference_id=reference_id))
+    return {
+        "added": sorted(((after - current) & want)),
+        "already_present": sorted(want & current),
+        "total_tags": sorted(after),
+    }
+
+
+def remove_tags_from_reference(
+    session: Session,
+    reference_id: str,
+    tags: Sequence[str],
+) -> RemoveTagsDict:
+    ref = session.get(AssetReference, reference_id)
+    if not ref:
+        raise ValueError(f"AssetReference {reference_id} not found")
+
+    norm = normalize_tags(tags)
+    if not norm:
+        total = get_reference_tags(session, reference_id=reference_id)
+        return {"removed": [], "not_present": [], "total_tags": total}
+
+    existing = {
+        tag_name
+        for (tag_name,) in (
+            session.execute(
+                sa.select(AssetReferenceTag.tag_name).where(
+                    AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id == reference_id
+                )
+            )
+        ).all()
+    }
+
+    to_remove = sorted(set(t for t in norm if t in existing))
+    not_present = sorted(set(t for t in norm if t not in existing))
+
+    if to_remove:
+        session.execute(
+            delete(AssetReferenceTag).where(
+                AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id == reference_id,
+                AssetReferenceTag.tag_name.in_(to_remove),
+            )
+        )
+        session.flush()
+
+    total = get_reference_tags(session, reference_id=reference_id)
+    return {"removed": to_remove, "not_present": not_present, "total_tags": total}
+
+
+def add_missing_tag_for_asset_id(
+    session: Session,
+    asset_id: str,
+    origin: str = "automatic",
+) -> None:
+    select_rows = (
+        sa.select(
+            AssetReference.id.label("asset_reference_id"),
+            sa.literal("missing").label("tag_name"),
+            sa.literal(origin).label("origin"),
+            sa.literal(get_utc_now()).label("added_at"),
+        )
+        .where(AssetReference.asset_id == asset_id)
+        .where(
+            sa.not_(
+                sa.exists().where(
+                    (AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id == AssetReference.id)
+                    & (AssetReferenceTag.tag_name == "missing")
+                )
+            )
+        )
+    )
+    session.execute(
+        sqlite.insert(AssetReferenceTag)
+        .from_select(
+            ["asset_reference_id", "tag_name", "origin", "added_at"],
+            select_rows,
+        )
+        .on_conflict_do_nothing(
+            index_elements=[
+                AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id,
+                AssetReferenceTag.tag_name,
+            ]
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def remove_missing_tag_for_asset_id(
+    session: Session,
+    asset_id: str,
+) -> None:
+    session.execute(
+        sa.delete(AssetReferenceTag).where(
+            AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id.in_(
+                sa.select(AssetReference.id).where(AssetReference.asset_id == asset_id)
+            ),
+            AssetReferenceTag.tag_name == "missing",
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def list_tags_with_usage(
+    session: Session,
+    prefix: str | None = None,
+    limit: int = 100,
+    offset: int = 0,
+    include_zero: bool = True,
+    order: str = "count_desc",
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> tuple[list[tuple[str, str, int]], int]:
+    counts_sq = (
+        select(
+            AssetReferenceTag.tag_name.label("tag_name"),
+            func.count(AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id).label("cnt"),
+        )
+        .select_from(AssetReferenceTag)
+        .join(AssetReference, AssetReference.id == AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id)
+        .where(build_visible_owner_clause(owner_id))
+        .group_by(AssetReferenceTag.tag_name)
+        .subquery()
+    )
+
+    q = (
+        select(
+            Tag.name,
+            Tag.tag_type,
+            func.coalesce(counts_sq.c.cnt, 0).label("count"),
+        )
+        .select_from(Tag)
+        .join(counts_sq, counts_sq.c.tag_name == Tag.name, isouter=True)
+    )
+
+    if prefix:
+        escaped, esc = escape_sql_like_string(prefix.strip().lower())
+        q = q.where(Tag.name.like(escaped + "%", escape=esc))
+
+    if not include_zero:
+        q = q.where(func.coalesce(counts_sq.c.cnt, 0) > 0)
+
+    if order == "name_asc":
+        q = q.order_by(Tag.name.asc())
+    else:
+        q = q.order_by(func.coalesce(counts_sq.c.cnt, 0).desc(), Tag.name.asc())
+
+    total_q = select(func.count()).select_from(Tag)
+    if prefix:
+        escaped, esc = escape_sql_like_string(prefix.strip().lower())
+        total_q = total_q.where(Tag.name.like(escaped + "%", escape=esc))
+    if not include_zero:
+        visible_tags_sq = (
+            select(AssetReferenceTag.tag_name)
+            .join(AssetReference, AssetReference.id == AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id)
+            .where(build_visible_owner_clause(owner_id))
+            .group_by(AssetReferenceTag.tag_name)
+        )
+        total_q = total_q.where(Tag.name.in_(visible_tags_sq))
+
+    rows = (session.execute(q.limit(limit).offset(offset))).all()
+    total = (session.execute(total_q)).scalar_one()
+
+    rows_norm = [(name, ttype, int(count or 0)) for (name, ttype, count) in rows]
+    return rows_norm, int(total or 0)
+
+
+def bulk_insert_tags_and_meta(
+    session: Session,
+    tag_rows: list[dict],
+    meta_rows: list[dict],
+) -> None:
+    """Batch insert into asset_reference_tags and asset_reference_meta.
+
+    Uses ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING.
+
+    Args:
+        session: Database session
+        tag_rows: Dicts with: asset_reference_id, tag_name, origin, added_at
+        meta_rows: Dicts with: asset_reference_id, key, ordinal, val_*
+    """
+    if tag_rows:
+        ins_tags = sqlite.insert(AssetReferenceTag).on_conflict_do_nothing(
+            index_elements=[
+                AssetReferenceTag.asset_reference_id,
+                AssetReferenceTag.tag_name,
+            ]
+        )
+        for chunk in iter_row_chunks(tag_rows, cols_per_row=4):
+            session.execute(ins_tags, chunk)
+
+    if meta_rows:
+        ins_meta = sqlite.insert(AssetReferenceMeta).on_conflict_do_nothing(
+            index_elements=[
+                AssetReferenceMeta.asset_reference_id,
+                AssetReferenceMeta.key,
+                AssetReferenceMeta.ordinal,
+            ]
+        )
+        for chunk in iter_row_chunks(meta_rows, cols_per_row=7):
+            session.execute(ins_meta, chunk)

app/assets/database/tags.py

@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-from typing import Iterable
-
-import sqlalchemy
-from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
-from sqlalchemy.dialects import sqlite
-
-from app.assets.helpers import normalize_tags, utcnow
-from app.assets.database.models import Tag, AssetInfoTag, AssetInfo
-
-
-def ensure_tags_exist(session: Session, names: Iterable[str], tag_type: str = "user") -> None:
-    wanted = normalize_tags(list(names))
-    if not wanted:
-        return
-    rows = [{"name": n, "tag_type": tag_type} for n in list(dict.fromkeys(wanted))]
-    ins = (
-            sqlite.insert(Tag)
-            .values(rows)
-            .on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=[Tag.name])
-        )
-    return session.execute(ins)
-
-def add_missing_tag_for_asset_id(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_id: str,
-    origin: str = "automatic",
-) -> None:
-    select_rows = (
-        sqlalchemy.select(
-            AssetInfo.id.label("asset_info_id"),
-            sqlalchemy.literal("missing").label("tag_name"),
-            sqlalchemy.literal(origin).label("origin"),
-            sqlalchemy.literal(utcnow()).label("added_at"),
-        )
-        .where(AssetInfo.asset_id == asset_id)
-        .where(
-            sqlalchemy.not_(
-                sqlalchemy.exists().where((AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id == AssetInfo.id) & (AssetInfoTag.tag_name == "missing"))
-            )
-        )
-    )
-    session.execute(
-        sqlite.insert(AssetInfoTag)
-        .from_select(
-            ["asset_info_id", "tag_name", "origin", "added_at"],
-            select_rows,
-        )
-        .on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=[AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id, AssetInfoTag.tag_name])
-    )
-
-def remove_missing_tag_for_asset_id(
-    session: Session,
-    *,
-    asset_id: str,
-) -> None:
-    session.execute(
-        sqlalchemy.delete(AssetInfoTag).where(
-            AssetInfoTag.asset_info_id.in_(sqlalchemy.select(AssetInfo.id).where(AssetInfo.asset_id == asset_id)),
-            AssetInfoTag.tag_name == "missing",
-        )
-    )

app/assets/hashing.py

@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-from blake3 import blake3
-from typing import IO
-import os
-import asyncio
-
-
-DEFAULT_CHUNK = 8 * 1024 *1024 # 8MB
-
-# NOTE: this allows hashing different representations of a file-like object
-def blake3_hash(
-    fp: str | IO[bytes],
-    chunk_size: int = DEFAULT_CHUNK,
-) -> str:
-    """
-    Returns a BLAKE3 hex digest for ``fp``, which may be:
-      - a filename (str/bytes) or PathLike
-      - an open binary file object
-    If ``fp`` is a file object, it must be opened in **binary** mode and support
-    ``read``, ``seek``, and ``tell``. The function will seek to the start before
-    reading and will attempt to restore the original position afterward.
-    """
-    # duck typing to check if input is a file-like object
-    if hasattr(fp, "read"):
-        return _hash_file_obj(fp, chunk_size)
-
-    with open(os.fspath(fp), "rb") as f:
-        return _hash_file_obj(f, chunk_size)
-
-
-async def blake3_hash_async(
-    fp: str | IO[bytes],
-    chunk_size: int = DEFAULT_CHUNK,
-) -> str:
-    """Async wrapper for ``blake3_hash_sync``.
-    Uses a worker thread so the event loop remains responsive.
-    """
-    # If it is a path, open inside the worker thread to keep I/O off the loop.
-    if hasattr(fp, "read"):
-        return await asyncio.to_thread(blake3_hash, fp, chunk_size)
-
-    def _worker() -> str:
-        with open(os.fspath(fp), "rb") as f:
-            return _hash_file_obj(f, chunk_size)
-
-    return await asyncio.to_thread(_worker)
-
-
-def _hash_file_obj(file_obj: IO, chunk_size: int = DEFAULT_CHUNK) -> str:
-    """
-    Hash an already-open binary file object by streaming in chunks.
-    - Seeks to the beginning before reading (if supported).
-    - Restores the original position afterward (if tell/seek are supported).
-    """
-    if chunk_size <= 0:
-        chunk_size = DEFAULT_CHUNK
-
-    # in case file object is already open and not at the beginning, track so can be restored after hashing
-    orig_pos = file_obj.tell()
-
-    try:
-        # seek to the beginning before reading
-        if orig_pos != 0:
-            file_obj.seek(0)
-
-        h = blake3()
-        while True:
-            chunk = file_obj.read(chunk_size)
-            if not chunk:
-                break
-            h.update(chunk)
-        return h.hexdigest()
-    finally:
-        # restore original position in file object, if needed
-        if orig_pos != 0:
-            file_obj.seek(orig_pos)

app/assets/helpers.py

@@ -1,226 +1,49 @@
-import contextlib
 import os
-from decimal import Decimal
-from aiohttp import web
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Literal, Any
-
-import folder_paths
+from typing import Literal, Sequence
 
 
-RootType = Literal["models", "input", "output"]
-ALLOWED_ROOTS: tuple[RootType, ...] = ("models", "input", "output")
-
-def get_query_dict(request: web.Request) -> dict[str, Any]:
+def select_best_live_path(states: Sequence) -> str:
     """
-    Gets a dictionary of query parameters from the request.
-
-    'request.query' is a MultiMapping[str], needs to be converted to a dictionary to be validated by Pydantic.
+    Return the best on-disk path among cache states:
+      1) Prefer a path that exists with needs_verify == False (already verified).
+      2) Otherwise, pick the first path that exists.
+      3) Otherwise return empty string.
     """
-    query_dict = {
-        key: request.query.getall(key) if len(request.query.getall(key)) > 1 else request.query.get(key)
-        for key in request.query.keys()
-    }
-    return query_dict
+    alive = [
+        s
+        for s in states
+        if getattr(s, "file_path", None) and os.path.isfile(s.file_path)
+    ]
+    if not alive:
+        return ""
+    for s in alive:
+        if not getattr(s, "needs_verify", False):
+            return s.file_path
+    return alive[0].file_path
 
-def list_tree(base_dir: str) -> list[str]:
-    out: list[str] = []
-    base_abs = os.path.abspath(base_dir)
-    if not os.path.isdir(base_abs):
-        return out
-    for dirpath, _subdirs, filenames in os.walk(base_abs, topdown=True, followlinks=False):
-        for name in filenames:
-            out.append(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(dirpath, name)))
-    return out
 
-def prefixes_for_root(root: RootType) -> list[str]:
-    if root == "models":
-        bases: list[str] = []
-        for _bucket, paths in get_comfy_models_folders():
-            bases.extend(paths)
-        return [os.path.abspath(p) for p in bases]
-    if root == "input":
-        return [os.path.abspath(folder_paths.get_input_directory())]
-    if root == "output":
-        return [os.path.abspath(folder_paths.get_output_directory())]
-    return []
+ALLOWED_ROOTS: tuple[Literal["models", "input", "output"], ...] = (
+    "models",
+    "input",
+    "output",
+)
 
-def escape_like_prefix(s: str, escape: str = "!") -> tuple[str, str]:
-    """Escapes %, _ and the escape char itself in a LIKE prefix.
-    Returns (escaped_prefix, escape_char). Caller should append '%' and pass escape=escape_char to .like().
+
+def escape_sql_like_string(s: str, escape: str = "!") -> tuple[str, str]:
+    """Escapes %, _ and the escape char in a LIKE prefix.
+
+    Returns (escaped_prefix, escape_char).
     """
     s = s.replace(escape, escape + escape)  # escape the escape char first
     s = s.replace("%", escape + "%").replace("_", escape + "_")  # escape LIKE wildcards
     return s, escape
 
-def fast_asset_file_check(
-    *,
-    mtime_db: int | None,
-    size_db: int | None,
-    stat_result: os.stat_result,
-) -> bool:
-    if mtime_db is None:
-        return False
-    actual_mtime_ns = getattr(stat_result, "st_mtime_ns", int(stat_result.st_mtime * 1_000_000_000))
-    if int(mtime_db) != int(actual_mtime_ns):
-        return False
-    sz = int(size_db or 0)
-    if sz > 0:
-        return int(stat_result.st_size) == sz
-    return True
 
-def utcnow() -> datetime:
+def get_utc_now() -> datetime:
     """Naive UTC timestamp (no tzinfo). We always treat DB datetimes as UTC."""
     return datetime.now(timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
 
-def get_comfy_models_folders() -> list[tuple[str, list[str]]]:
-    """Build a list of (folder_name, base_paths[]) categories that are configured for model locations.
-
-    We trust `folder_paths.folder_names_and_paths` and include a category if
-    *any* of its base paths lies under the Comfy `models_dir`.
-    """
-    targets: list[tuple[str, list[str]]] = []
-    models_root = os.path.abspath(folder_paths.models_dir)
-    for name, values in folder_paths.folder_names_and_paths.items():
-        paths, _exts = values[0], values[1]  # NOTE: this prevents nodepacks that hackily edit folder_... from breaking ComfyUI
-        if any(os.path.abspath(p).startswith(models_root + os.sep) for p in paths):
-            targets.append((name, paths))
-    return targets
-
-def resolve_destination_from_tags(tags: list[str]) -> tuple[str, list[str]]:
-    """Validates and maps tags -> (base_dir, subdirs_for_fs)"""
-    root = tags[0]
-    if root == "models":
-        if len(tags) < 2:
-            raise ValueError("at least two tags required for model asset")
-        try:
-            bases = folder_paths.folder_names_and_paths[tags[1]][0]
-        except KeyError:
-            raise ValueError(f"unknown model category '{tags[1]}'")
-        if not bases:
-            raise ValueError(f"no base path configured for category '{tags[1]}'")
-        base_dir = os.path.abspath(bases[0])
-        raw_subdirs = tags[2:]
-    else:
-        base_dir = os.path.abspath(
-            folder_paths.get_input_directory() if root == "input" else folder_paths.get_output_directory()
-        )
-        raw_subdirs = tags[1:]
-    for i in raw_subdirs:
-        if i in (".", ".."):
-            raise ValueError("invalid path component in tags")
-
-    return base_dir, raw_subdirs if raw_subdirs else []
-
-def ensure_within_base(candidate: str, base: str) -> None:
-    cand_abs = os.path.abspath(candidate)
-    base_abs = os.path.abspath(base)
-    try:
-        if os.path.commonpath([cand_abs, base_abs]) != base_abs:
-            raise ValueError("destination escapes base directory")
-    except Exception:
-        raise ValueError("invalid destination path")
-
-def compute_relative_filename(file_path: str) -> str | None:
-    """
-    Return the model's path relative to the last well-known folder (the model category),
-    using forward slashes, eg:
-      /.../models/checkpoints/flux/123/flux.safetensors -> "flux/123/flux.safetensors"
-      /.../models/text_encoders/clip_g.safetensors -> "clip_g.safetensors"
-
-    For non-model paths, returns None.
-    NOTE: this is a temporary helper, used only for initializing metadata["filename"] field.
-    """
-    try:
-        root_category, rel_path = get_relative_to_root_category_path_of_asset(file_path)
-    except ValueError:
-        return None
-
-    p = Path(rel_path)
-    parts = [seg for seg in p.parts if seg not in (".", "..", p.anchor)]
-    if not parts:
-        return None
-
-    if root_category == "models":
-        # parts[0] is the category ("checkpoints", "vae", etc) – drop it
-        inside = parts[1:] if len(parts) > 1 else [parts[0]]
-        return "/".join(inside)
-    return "/".join(parts)  # input/output: keep all parts
-
-def get_relative_to_root_category_path_of_asset(file_path: str) -> tuple[Literal["input", "output", "models"], str]:
-    """Given an absolute or relative file path, determine which root category the path belongs to:
-      - 'input' if the file resides under `folder_paths.get_input_directory()`
-      - 'output' if the file resides under `folder_paths.get_output_directory()`
-      - 'models' if the file resides under any base path of categories returned by `get_comfy_models_folders()`
-
-    Returns:
-        (root_category, relative_path_inside_that_root)
-        For 'models', the relative path is prefixed with the category name:
-            e.g. ('models', 'vae/test/sub/ae.safetensors')
-
-    Raises:
-        ValueError: if the path does not belong to input, output, or configured model bases.
-    """
-    fp_abs = os.path.abspath(file_path)
-
-    def _is_within(child: str, parent: str) -> bool:
-        try:
-            return os.path.commonpath([child, parent]) == parent
-        except Exception:
-            return False
-
-    def _rel(child: str, parent: str) -> str:
-        return os.path.relpath(os.path.join(os.sep, os.path.relpath(child, parent)), os.sep)
-
-    # 1) input
-    input_base = os.path.abspath(folder_paths.get_input_directory())
-    if _is_within(fp_abs, input_base):
-        return "input", _rel(fp_abs, input_base)
-
-    # 2) output
-    output_base = os.path.abspath(folder_paths.get_output_directory())
-    if _is_within(fp_abs, output_base):
-        return "output", _rel(fp_abs, output_base)
-
-    # 3) models (check deepest matching base to avoid ambiguity)
-    best: tuple[int, str, str] | None = None  # (base_len, bucket, rel_inside_bucket)
-    for bucket, bases in get_comfy_models_folders():
-        for b in bases:
-            base_abs = os.path.abspath(b)
-            if not _is_within(fp_abs, base_abs):
-                continue
-            cand = (len(base_abs), bucket, _rel(fp_abs, base_abs))
-            if best is None or cand[0] > best[0]:
-                best = cand
-
-    if best is not None:
-        _, bucket, rel_inside = best
-        combined = os.path.join(bucket, rel_inside)
-        return "models", os.path.relpath(os.path.join(os.sep, combined), os.sep)
-
-    raise ValueError(f"Path is not within input, output, or configured model bases: {file_path}")
-
-def get_name_and_tags_from_asset_path(file_path: str) -> tuple[str, list[str]]:
-    """Return a tuple (name, tags) derived from a filesystem path.
-
-    Semantics:
-      - Root category is determined by `get_relative_to_root_category_path_of_asset`.
-      - The returned `name` is the base filename with extension from the relative path.
-      - The returned `tags` are:
-            [root_category] + parent folders of the relative path (in order)
-        For 'models', this means:
-            file '/.../ModelsDir/vae/test_tag/ae.safetensors'
-            -> root_category='models', some_path='vae/test_tag/ae.safetensors'
-            -> name='ae.safetensors', tags=['models', 'vae', 'test_tag']
-
-    Raises:
-        ValueError: if the path does not belong to input, output, or configured model bases.
-    """
-    root_category, some_path = get_relative_to_root_category_path_of_asset(file_path)
-    p = Path(some_path)
-    parent_parts = [part for part in p.parent.parts if part not in (".", "..", p.anchor)]
-    return p.name, list(dict.fromkeys(normalize_tags([root_category, *parent_parts])))
 
 def normalize_tags(tags: list[str] | None) -> list[str]:
     """
@@ -229,84 +52,3 @@ def normalize_tags(tags: list[str] | None) -> list[str]:
       - Removing duplicates.
     """
     return [t.strip().lower() for t in (tags or []) if (t or "").strip()]
-
-def collect_models_files() -> list[str]:
-    out: list[str] = []
-    for folder_name, bases in get_comfy_models_folders():
-        rel_files = folder_paths.get_filename_list(folder_name) or []
-        for rel_path in rel_files:
-            abs_path = folder_paths.get_full_path(folder_name, rel_path)
-            if not abs_path:
-                continue
-            abs_path = os.path.abspath(abs_path)
-            allowed = False
-            for b in bases:
-                base_abs = os.path.abspath(b)
-                with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
-                    if os.path.commonpath([abs_path, base_abs]) == base_abs:
-                        allowed = True
-                        break
-            if allowed:
-                out.append(abs_path)
-    return out
-
-def is_scalar(v):
-    if v is None:
-        return True
-    if isinstance(v, bool):
-        return True
-    if isinstance(v, (int, float, Decimal, str)):
-        return True
-    return False
-
-def project_kv(key: str, value):
-    """
-    Turn a metadata key/value into typed projection rows.
-    Returns list[dict] with keys:
-      key, ordinal, and one of val_str / val_num / val_bool / val_json (others None)
-    """
-    rows: list[dict] = []
-
-    def _null_row(ordinal: int) -> dict:
-        return {
-            "key": key, "ordinal": ordinal,
-            "val_str": None, "val_num": None, "val_bool": None, "val_json": None
-        }
-
-    if value is None:
-        rows.append(_null_row(0))
-        return rows
-
-    if is_scalar(value):
-        if isinstance(value, bool):
-            rows.append({"key": key, "ordinal": 0, "val_bool": bool(value)})
-        elif isinstance(value, (int, float, Decimal)):
-            num = value if isinstance(value, Decimal) else Decimal(str(value))
-            rows.append({"key": key, "ordinal": 0, "val_num": num})
-        elif isinstance(value, str):
-            rows.append({"key": key, "ordinal": 0, "val_str": value})
-        else:
-            rows.append({"key": key, "ordinal": 0, "val_json": value})
-        return rows
-
-    if isinstance(value, list):
-        if all(is_scalar(x) for x in value):
-            for i, x in enumerate(value):
-                if x is None:
-                    rows.append(_null_row(i))
-                elif isinstance(x, bool):
-                    rows.append({"key": key, "ordinal": i, "val_bool": bool(x)})
-                elif isinstance(x, (int, float, Decimal)):
-                    num = x if isinstance(x, Decimal) else Decimal(str(x))
-                    rows.append({"key": key, "ordinal": i, "val_num": num})
-                elif isinstance(x, str):
-                    rows.append({"key": key, "ordinal": i, "val_str": x})
-                else:
-                    rows.append({"key": key, "ordinal": i, "val_json": x})
-            return rows
-        for i, x in enumerate(value):
-            rows.append({"key": key, "ordinal": i, "val_json": x})
-        return rows
-
-    rows.append({"key": key, "ordinal": 0, "val_json": value})
-    return rows

app/assets/manager.py

@@ -1,516 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import mimetypes
-import contextlib
-from typing import Sequence
-
-from app.database.db import create_session
-from app.assets.api import schemas_out, schemas_in
-from app.assets.database.queries import (
-    asset_exists_by_hash,
-    asset_info_exists_for_asset_id,
-    get_asset_by_hash,
-    get_asset_info_by_id,
-    fetch_asset_info_asset_and_tags,
-    fetch_asset_info_and_asset,
-    create_asset_info_for_existing_asset,
-    touch_asset_info_by_id,
-    update_asset_info_full,
-    delete_asset_info_by_id,
-    list_cache_states_by_asset_id,
-    list_asset_infos_page,
-    list_tags_with_usage,
-    get_asset_tags,
-    add_tags_to_asset_info,
-    remove_tags_from_asset_info,
-    pick_best_live_path,
-    ingest_fs_asset,
-    set_asset_info_preview,
-)
-from app.assets.helpers import resolve_destination_from_tags, ensure_within_base
-from app.assets.database.models import Asset
-
-
-def _safe_sort_field(requested: str | None) -> str:
-    if not requested:
-        return "created_at"
-    v = requested.lower()
-    if v in {"name", "created_at", "updated_at", "size", "last_access_time"}:
-        return v
-    return "created_at"
-
-
-def _get_size_mtime_ns(path: str) -> tuple[int, int]:
-    st = os.stat(path, follow_symlinks=True)
-    return st.st_size, getattr(st, "st_mtime_ns", int(st.st_mtime * 1_000_000_000))
-
-
-def _safe_filename(name: str | None, fallback: str) -> str:
-    n = os.path.basename((name or "").strip() or fallback)
-    if n:
-        return n
-    return fallback
-
-
-def asset_exists(*, asset_hash: str) -> bool:
-    """
-    Check if an asset with a given hash exists in database.
-    """
-    with create_session() as session:
-        return asset_exists_by_hash(session, asset_hash=asset_hash)
-
-
-def list_assets(
-    *,
-    include_tags: Sequence[str] | None = None,
-    exclude_tags: Sequence[str] | None = None,
-    name_contains: str | None = None,
-    metadata_filter: dict | None = None,
-    limit: int = 20,
-    offset: int = 0,
-    sort: str = "created_at",
-    order: str = "desc",
-    owner_id: str = "",
-) -> schemas_out.AssetsList:
-    sort = _safe_sort_field(sort)
-    order = "desc" if (order or "desc").lower() not in {"asc", "desc"} else order.lower()
-
-    with create_session() as session:
-        infos, tag_map, total = list_asset_infos_page(
-            session,
-            owner_id=owner_id,
-            include_tags=include_tags,
-            exclude_tags=exclude_tags,
-            name_contains=name_contains,
-            metadata_filter=metadata_filter,
-            limit=limit,
-            offset=offset,
-            sort=sort,
-            order=order,
-        )
-
-    summaries: list[schemas_out.AssetSummary] = []
-    for info in infos:
-        asset = info.asset
-        tags = tag_map.get(info.id, [])
-        summaries.append(
-            schemas_out.AssetSummary(
-                id=info.id,
-                name=info.name,
-                asset_hash=asset.hash if asset else None,
-                size=int(asset.size_bytes) if asset else None,
-                mime_type=asset.mime_type if asset else None,
-                tags=tags,
-                created_at=info.created_at,
-                updated_at=info.updated_at,
-                last_access_time=info.last_access_time,
-            )
-        )
-
-    return schemas_out.AssetsList(
-        assets=summaries,
-        total=total,
-        has_more=(offset + len(summaries)) < total,
-    )
-
-
-def get_asset(
-    *,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-    owner_id: str = "",
-) -> schemas_out.AssetDetail:
-    with create_session() as session:
-        res = fetch_asset_info_asset_and_tags(session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id, owner_id=owner_id)
-        if not res:
-            raise ValueError(f"AssetInfo {asset_info_id} not found")
-        info, asset, tag_names = res
-        preview_id = info.preview_id
-
-    return schemas_out.AssetDetail(
-        id=info.id,
-        name=info.name,
-        asset_hash=asset.hash if asset else None,
-        size=int(asset.size_bytes) if asset and asset.size_bytes is not None else None,
-        mime_type=asset.mime_type if asset else None,
-        tags=tag_names,
-        user_metadata=info.user_metadata or {},
-        preview_id=preview_id,
-        created_at=info.created_at,
-        last_access_time=info.last_access_time,
-    )
-
-
-def resolve_asset_content_for_download(
-    *,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-    owner_id: str = "",
-) -> tuple[str, str, str]:
-    with create_session() as session:
-        pair = fetch_asset_info_and_asset(session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id, owner_id=owner_id)
-        if not pair:
-            raise ValueError(f"AssetInfo {asset_info_id} not found")
-
-        info, asset = pair
-        states = list_cache_states_by_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset.id)
-        abs_path = pick_best_live_path(states)
-        if not abs_path:
-            raise FileNotFoundError
-
-        touch_asset_info_by_id(session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id)
-        session.commit()
-
-        ctype = asset.mime_type or mimetypes.guess_type(info.name or abs_path)[0] or "application/octet-stream"
-        download_name = info.name or os.path.basename(abs_path)
-        return abs_path, ctype, download_name
-
-
-def upload_asset_from_temp_path(
-    spec: schemas_in.UploadAssetSpec,
-    *,
-    temp_path: str,
-    client_filename: str | None = None,
-    owner_id: str = "",
-    expected_asset_hash: str | None = None,
-) -> schemas_out.AssetCreated:
-    """
-    Create new asset or update existing asset from a temporary file path.
-    """
-    try:
-        # NOTE: blake3 is not required right now, so this will fail if blake3 is not installed in local environment
-        import app.assets.hashing as hashing
-        digest = hashing.blake3_hash(temp_path)
-    except Exception as e:
-        raise RuntimeError(f"failed to hash uploaded file: {e}")
-    asset_hash = "blake3:" + digest
-
-    if expected_asset_hash and asset_hash != expected_asset_hash.strip().lower():
-        raise ValueError("HASH_MISMATCH")
-
-    with create_session() as session:
-        existing = get_asset_by_hash(session, asset_hash=asset_hash)
-        if existing is not None:
-            with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
-                if temp_path and os.path.exists(temp_path):
-                    os.remove(temp_path)
-
-            display_name = _safe_filename(spec.name or (client_filename or ""), fallback=digest)
-            info = create_asset_info_for_existing_asset(
-                session,
-                asset_hash=asset_hash,
-                name=display_name,
-                user_metadata=spec.user_metadata or {},
-                tags=spec.tags or [],
-                tag_origin="manual",
-                owner_id=owner_id,
-            )
-            tag_names = get_asset_tags(session, asset_info_id=info.id)
-            session.commit()
-
-            return schemas_out.AssetCreated(
-                id=info.id,
-                name=info.name,
-                asset_hash=existing.hash,
-                size=int(existing.size_bytes) if existing.size_bytes is not None else None,
-                mime_type=existing.mime_type,
-                tags=tag_names,
-                user_metadata=info.user_metadata or {},
-                preview_id=info.preview_id,
-                created_at=info.created_at,
-                last_access_time=info.last_access_time,
-                created_new=False,
-            )
-
-    base_dir, subdirs = resolve_destination_from_tags(spec.tags)
-    dest_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, *subdirs) if subdirs else base_dir
-    os.makedirs(dest_dir, exist_ok=True)
-
-    src_for_ext = (client_filename or spec.name or "").strip()
-    _ext = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(src_for_ext))[1] if src_for_ext else ""
-    ext = _ext if 0 < len(_ext) <= 16 else ""
-    hashed_basename = f"{digest}{ext}"
-    dest_abs = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(dest_dir, hashed_basename))
-    ensure_within_base(dest_abs, base_dir)
-
-    content_type = (
-        mimetypes.guess_type(os.path.basename(src_for_ext), strict=False)[0]
-        or mimetypes.guess_type(hashed_basename, strict=False)[0]
-        or "application/octet-stream"
-    )
-
-    try:
-        os.replace(temp_path, dest_abs)
-    except Exception as e:
-        raise RuntimeError(f"failed to move uploaded file into place: {e}")
-
-    try:
-        size_bytes, mtime_ns = _get_size_mtime_ns(dest_abs)
-    except OSError as e:
-        raise RuntimeError(f"failed to stat destination file: {e}")
-
-    with create_session() as session:
-        result = ingest_fs_asset(
-            session,
-            asset_hash=asset_hash,
-            abs_path=dest_abs,
-            size_bytes=size_bytes,
-            mtime_ns=mtime_ns,
-            mime_type=content_type,
-            info_name=_safe_filename(spec.name or (client_filename or ""), fallback=digest),
-            owner_id=owner_id,
-            preview_id=None,
-            user_metadata=spec.user_metadata or {},
-            tags=spec.tags,
-            tag_origin="manual",
-            require_existing_tags=False,
-        )
-        info_id = result["asset_info_id"]
-        if not info_id:
-            raise RuntimeError("failed to create asset metadata")
-
-        pair = fetch_asset_info_and_asset(session, asset_info_id=info_id, owner_id=owner_id)
-        if not pair:
-            raise RuntimeError("inconsistent DB state after ingest")
-        info, asset = pair
-        tag_names = get_asset_tags(session, asset_info_id=info.id)
-        created_result = schemas_out.AssetCreated(
-            id=info.id,
-            name=info.name,
-            asset_hash=asset.hash,
-            size=int(asset.size_bytes),
-            mime_type=asset.mime_type,
-            tags=tag_names,
-            user_metadata=info.user_metadata or {},
-            preview_id=info.preview_id,
-            created_at=info.created_at,
-            last_access_time=info.last_access_time,
-            created_new=result["asset_created"],
-        )
-        session.commit()
-
-    return created_result
-
-
-def update_asset(
-    *,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-    name: str | None = None,
-    tags: list[str] | None = None,
-    user_metadata: dict | None = None,
-    owner_id: str = "",
-) -> schemas_out.AssetUpdated:
-    with create_session() as session:
-        info_row = get_asset_info_by_id(session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id)
-        if not info_row:
-            raise ValueError(f"AssetInfo {asset_info_id} not found")
-        if info_row.owner_id and info_row.owner_id != owner_id:
-            raise PermissionError("not owner")
-
-        info = update_asset_info_full(
-            session,
-            asset_info_id=asset_info_id,
-            name=name,
-            tags=tags,
-            user_metadata=user_metadata,
-            tag_origin="manual",
-            asset_info_row=info_row,
-        )
-
-        tag_names = get_asset_tags(session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id)
-        result = schemas_out.AssetUpdated(
-            id=info.id,
-            name=info.name,
-            asset_hash=info.asset.hash if info.asset else None,
-            tags=tag_names,
-            user_metadata=info.user_metadata or {},
-            updated_at=info.updated_at,
-        )
-        session.commit()
-
-    return result
-
-
-def set_asset_preview(
-    *,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-    preview_asset_id: str | None = None,
-    owner_id: str = "",
-) -> schemas_out.AssetDetail:
-    with create_session() as session:
-        info_row = get_asset_info_by_id(session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id)
-        if not info_row:
-            raise ValueError(f"AssetInfo {asset_info_id} not found")
-        if info_row.owner_id and info_row.owner_id != owner_id:
-            raise PermissionError("not owner")
-
-        set_asset_info_preview(
-            session,
-            asset_info_id=asset_info_id,
-            preview_asset_id=preview_asset_id,
-        )
-
-        res = fetch_asset_info_asset_and_tags(session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id, owner_id=owner_id)
-        if not res:
-            raise RuntimeError("State changed during preview update")
-        info, asset, tags = res
-        result = schemas_out.AssetDetail(
-            id=info.id,
-            name=info.name,
-            asset_hash=asset.hash if asset else None,
-            size=int(asset.size_bytes) if asset and asset.size_bytes is not None else None,
-            mime_type=asset.mime_type if asset else None,
-            tags=tags,
-            user_metadata=info.user_metadata or {},
-            preview_id=info.preview_id,
-            created_at=info.created_at,
-            last_access_time=info.last_access_time,
-        )
-        session.commit()
-
-    return result
-
-
-def delete_asset_reference(*, asset_info_id: str, owner_id: str, delete_content_if_orphan: bool = True) -> bool:
-    with create_session() as session:
-        info_row = get_asset_info_by_id(session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id)
-        asset_id = info_row.asset_id if info_row else None
-        deleted = delete_asset_info_by_id(session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id, owner_id=owner_id)
-        if not deleted:
-            session.commit()
-            return False
-
-        if not delete_content_if_orphan or not asset_id:
-            session.commit()
-            return True
-
-        still_exists = asset_info_exists_for_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset_id)
-        if still_exists:
-            session.commit()
-            return True
-
-        states = list_cache_states_by_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset_id)
-        file_paths = [s.file_path for s in (states or []) if getattr(s, "file_path", None)]
-
-        asset_row = session.get(Asset, asset_id)
-        if asset_row is not None:
-            session.delete(asset_row)
-
-        session.commit()
-        for p in file_paths:
-            with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
-                if p and os.path.isfile(p):
-                    os.remove(p)
-    return True
-
-
-def create_asset_from_hash(
-    *,
-    hash_str: str,
-    name: str,
-    tags: list[str] | None = None,
-    user_metadata: dict | None = None,
-    owner_id: str = "",
-) -> schemas_out.AssetCreated | None:
-    canonical = hash_str.strip().lower()
-    with create_session() as session:
-        asset = get_asset_by_hash(session, asset_hash=canonical)
-        if not asset:
-            return None
-
-        info = create_asset_info_for_existing_asset(
-            session,
-            asset_hash=canonical,
-            name=_safe_filename(name, fallback=canonical.split(":", 1)[1]),
-            user_metadata=user_metadata or {},
-            tags=tags or [],
-            tag_origin="manual",
-            owner_id=owner_id,
-        )
-        tag_names = get_asset_tags(session, asset_info_id=info.id)
-        result = schemas_out.AssetCreated(
-            id=info.id,
-            name=info.name,
-            asset_hash=asset.hash,
-            size=int(asset.size_bytes),
-            mime_type=asset.mime_type,
-            tags=tag_names,
-            user_metadata=info.user_metadata or {},
-            preview_id=info.preview_id,
-            created_at=info.created_at,
-            last_access_time=info.last_access_time,
-            created_new=False,
-        )
-        session.commit()
-
-    return result
-
-
-def add_tags_to_asset(
-    *,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-    tags: list[str],
-    origin: str = "manual",
-    owner_id: str = "",
-) -> schemas_out.TagsAdd:
-    with create_session() as session:
-        info_row = get_asset_info_by_id(session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id)
-        if not info_row:
-            raise ValueError(f"AssetInfo {asset_info_id} not found")
-        if info_row.owner_id and info_row.owner_id != owner_id:
-            raise PermissionError("not owner")
-        data = add_tags_to_asset_info(
-            session,
-            asset_info_id=asset_info_id,
-            tags=tags,
-            origin=origin,
-            create_if_missing=True,
-            asset_info_row=info_row,
-        )
-        session.commit()
-    return schemas_out.TagsAdd(**data)
-
-
-def remove_tags_from_asset(
-    *,
-    asset_info_id: str,
-    tags: list[str],
-    owner_id: str = "",
-) -> schemas_out.TagsRemove:
-    with create_session() as session:
-        info_row = get_asset_info_by_id(session, asset_info_id=asset_info_id)
-        if not info_row:
-            raise ValueError(f"AssetInfo {asset_info_id} not found")
-        if info_row.owner_id and info_row.owner_id != owner_id:
-            raise PermissionError("not owner")
-
-        data = remove_tags_from_asset_info(
-            session,
-            asset_info_id=asset_info_id,
-            tags=tags,
-        )
-        session.commit()
-    return schemas_out.TagsRemove(**data)
-
-
-def list_tags(
-    prefix: str | None = None,
-    limit: int = 100,
-    offset: int = 0,
-    order: str = "count_desc",
-    include_zero: bool = True,
-    owner_id: str = "",
-) -> schemas_out.TagsList:
-    limit = max(1, min(1000, limit))
-    offset = max(0, offset)
-
-    with create_session() as session:
-        rows, total = list_tags_with_usage(
-            session,
-            prefix=prefix,
-            limit=limit,
-            offset=offset,
-            include_zero=include_zero,
-            order=order,
-            owner_id=owner_id,
-        )
-
-    tags = [schemas_out.TagUsage(name=name, count=count, type=tag_type) for (name, tag_type, count) in rows]
-    return schemas_out.TagsList(tags=tags, total=total, has_more=(offset + len(tags)) < total)

app/assets/scanner.py

@@ -1,263 +1,600 @@
 import contextlib
-import time
 import logging
 import os
-import sqlalchemy
+import time
+from typing import Literal, TypedDict
 
 import folder_paths
-from app.database.db import create_session, dependencies_available
-from app.assets.helpers import (
-    collect_models_files, compute_relative_filename, fast_asset_file_check, get_name_and_tags_from_asset_path,
-    list_tree,prefixes_for_root, escape_like_prefix,
-    RootType
+from app.assets.database.queries import (
+    add_missing_tag_for_asset_id,
+    bulk_update_enrichment_level,
+    bulk_update_is_missing,
+    bulk_update_needs_verify,
+    delete_orphaned_seed_asset,
+    delete_references_by_ids,
+    ensure_tags_exist,
+    get_asset_by_hash,
+    get_references_for_prefixes,
+    get_unenriched_references,
+    reassign_asset_references,
+    remove_missing_tag_for_asset_id,
+    set_reference_metadata,
+    update_asset_hash_and_mime,
 )
-from app.assets.database.tags import add_missing_tag_for_asset_id, ensure_tags_exist, remove_missing_tag_for_asset_id
-from app.assets.database.bulk_ops import seed_from_paths_batch
-from app.assets.database.models import Asset, AssetCacheState, AssetInfo
+from app.assets.services.bulk_ingest import (
+    SeedAssetSpec,
+    batch_insert_seed_assets,
+    mark_assets_missing_outside_prefixes,
+)
+from app.assets.services.file_utils import (
+    get_mtime_ns,
+    list_files_recursively,
+    verify_file_unchanged,
+)
+from app.assets.services.hashing import compute_blake3_hash
+from app.assets.services.metadata_extract import extract_file_metadata
+from app.assets.services.path_utils import (
+    compute_relative_filename,
+    get_comfy_models_folders,
+    get_name_and_tags_from_asset_path,
+)
+from app.database.db import create_session, dependencies_available
 
 
-def seed_assets(roots: tuple[RootType, ...], enable_logging: bool = False) -> None:
+class _RefInfo(TypedDict):
+    ref_id: str
+    fp: str
+    exists: bool
+    fast_ok: bool
+    needs_verify: bool
+
+
+class _AssetAccumulator(TypedDict):
+    hash: str | None
+    size_db: int
+    refs: list[_RefInfo]
+
+
+RootType = Literal["models", "input", "output"]
+
+
+def get_prefixes_for_root(root: RootType) -> list[str]:
+    if root == "models":
+        bases: list[str] = []
+        for _bucket, paths in get_comfy_models_folders():
+            bases.extend(paths)
+        return [os.path.abspath(p) for p in bases]
+    if root == "input":
+        return [os.path.abspath(folder_paths.get_input_directory())]
+    if root == "output":
+        return [os.path.abspath(folder_paths.get_output_directory())]
+    return []
+
+
+def get_all_known_prefixes() -> list[str]:
+    """Get all known asset prefixes across all root types."""
+    all_roots: tuple[RootType, ...] = ("models", "input", "output")
+    return [
+        os.path.abspath(p) for root in all_roots for p in get_prefixes_for_root(root)
+    ]
+
+
+def collect_models_files() -> list[str]:
+    out: list[str] = []
+    for folder_name, bases in get_comfy_models_folders():
+        rel_files = folder_paths.get_filename_list(folder_name) or []
+        for rel_path in rel_files:
+            abs_path = folder_paths.get_full_path(folder_name, rel_path)
+            if not abs_path:
+                continue
+            abs_path = os.path.abspath(abs_path)
+            allowed = False
+            for b in bases:
+                base_abs = os.path.abspath(b)
+                with contextlib.suppress(ValueError):
+                    if os.path.commonpath([abs_path, base_abs]) == base_abs:
+                        allowed = True
+                        break
+            if allowed:
+                out.append(abs_path)
+    return out
+
+
+def sync_references_with_filesystem(
+    session,
+    root: RootType,
+    collect_existing_paths: bool = False,
+    update_missing_tags: bool = False,
+) -> set[str] | None:
+    """Reconcile asset references with filesystem for a root.
+
+    - Toggle needs_verify per reference using fast mtime/size check
+    - For hashed assets with at least one fast-ok ref: delete stale missing refs
+    - For seed assets with all refs missing: delete Asset and its references
+    - Optionally add/remove 'missing' tags based on fast-ok in this root
+    - Optionally return surviving absolute paths
+
+    Args:
+        session: Database session
+        root: Root type to scan
+        collect_existing_paths: If True, return set of surviving file paths
+        update_missing_tags: If True, update 'missing' tags based on file status
+
+    Returns:
+        Set of surviving absolute paths if collect_existing_paths=True, else None
     """
-    Scan the given roots and seed the assets into the database.
+    prefixes = get_prefixes_for_root(root)
+    if not prefixes:
+        return set() if collect_existing_paths else None
+
+    rows = get_references_for_prefixes(
+        session, prefixes, include_missing=update_missing_tags
+    )
+
+    by_asset: dict[str, _AssetAccumulator] = {}
+    for row in rows:
+        acc = by_asset.get(row.asset_id)
+        if acc is None:
+            acc = {"hash": row.asset_hash, "size_db": row.size_bytes, "refs": []}
+            by_asset[row.asset_id] = acc
+
+        fast_ok = False
+        try:
+            exists = True
+            fast_ok = verify_file_unchanged(
+                mtime_db=row.mtime_ns,
+                size_db=acc["size_db"],
+                stat_result=os.stat(row.file_path, follow_symlinks=True),
+            )
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            exists = False
+        except PermissionError:
+            exists = True
+            logging.debug("Permission denied accessing %s", row.file_path)
+        except OSError as e:
+            exists = False
+            logging.debug("OSError checking %s: %s", row.file_path, e)
+
+        acc["refs"].append(
+            {
+                "ref_id": row.reference_id,
+                "fp": row.file_path,
+                "exists": exists,
+                "fast_ok": fast_ok,
+                "needs_verify": row.needs_verify,
+            }
+        )
+
+    to_set_verify: list[str] = []
+    to_clear_verify: list[str] = []
+    stale_ref_ids: list[str] = []
+    to_mark_missing: list[str] = []
+    to_clear_missing: list[str] = []
+    survivors: set[str] = set()
+
+    for aid, acc in by_asset.items():
+        a_hash = acc["hash"]
+        refs = acc["refs"]
+        any_fast_ok = any(r["fast_ok"] for r in refs)
+        all_missing = all(not r["exists"] for r in refs)
+
+        for r in refs:
+            if not r["exists"]:
+                to_mark_missing.append(r["ref_id"])
+                continue
+            if r["fast_ok"]:
+                to_clear_missing.append(r["ref_id"])
+                if r["needs_verify"]:
+                    to_clear_verify.append(r["ref_id"])
+            if not r["fast_ok"] and not r["needs_verify"]:
+                to_set_verify.append(r["ref_id"])
+
+        if a_hash is None:
+            if refs and all_missing:
+                delete_orphaned_seed_asset(session, aid)
+            else:
+                for r in refs:
+                    if r["exists"]:
+                        survivors.add(os.path.abspath(r["fp"]))
+            continue
+
+        if any_fast_ok:
+            for r in refs:
+                if not r["exists"]:
+                    stale_ref_ids.append(r["ref_id"])
+            if update_missing_tags:
+                try:
+                    remove_missing_tag_for_asset_id(session, asset_id=aid)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logging.warning(
+                        "Failed to remove missing tag for asset %s: %s", aid, e
+                    )
+        elif update_missing_tags:
+            try:
+                add_missing_tag_for_asset_id(session, asset_id=aid, origin="automatic")
+            except Exception as e:
+                logging.warning("Failed to add missing tag for asset %s: %s", aid, e)
+
+        for r in refs:
+            if r["exists"]:
+                survivors.add(os.path.abspath(r["fp"]))
+
+    delete_references_by_ids(session, stale_ref_ids)
+    stale_set = set(stale_ref_ids)
+    to_mark_missing = [ref_id for ref_id in to_mark_missing if ref_id not in stale_set]
+    bulk_update_is_missing(session, to_mark_missing, value=True)
+    bulk_update_is_missing(session, to_clear_missing, value=False)
+    bulk_update_needs_verify(session, to_set_verify, value=True)
+    bulk_update_needs_verify(session, to_clear_verify, value=False)
+
+    return survivors if collect_existing_paths else None
+
+
+def sync_root_safely(root: RootType) -> set[str]:
+    """Sync a single root's references with the filesystem.
+
+    Returns survivors (existing paths) or empty set on failure.
+    """
+    try:
+        with create_session() as sess:
+            survivors = sync_references_with_filesystem(
+                sess,
+                root,
+                collect_existing_paths=True,
+                update_missing_tags=True,
+            )
+            sess.commit()
+            return survivors or set()
+    except Exception as e:
+        logging.exception("fast DB scan failed for %s: %s", root, e)
+        return set()
+
+
+def mark_missing_outside_prefixes_safely(prefixes: list[str]) -> int:
+    """Mark references as missing when outside the given prefixes.
+
+    This is a non-destructive soft-delete. Returns count marked or 0 on failure.
+    """
+    try:
+        with create_session() as sess:
+            count = mark_assets_missing_outside_prefixes(sess, prefixes)
+            sess.commit()
+            return count
+    except Exception as e:
+        logging.exception("marking missing assets failed: %s", e)
+        return 0
+
+
+def collect_paths_for_roots(roots: tuple[RootType, ...]) -> list[str]:
+    """Collect all file paths for the given roots."""
+    paths: list[str] = []
+    if "models" in roots:
+        paths.extend(collect_models_files())
+    if "input" in roots:
+        paths.extend(list_files_recursively(folder_paths.get_input_directory()))
+    if "output" in roots:
+        paths.extend(list_files_recursively(folder_paths.get_output_directory()))
+    return paths
+
+
+def build_asset_specs(
+    paths: list[str],
+    existing_paths: set[str],
+    enable_metadata_extraction: bool = True,
+    compute_hashes: bool = False,
+) -> tuple[list[SeedAssetSpec], set[str], int]:
+    """Build asset specs from paths, returning (specs, tag_pool, skipped_count).
+
+    Args:
+        paths: List of file paths to process
+        existing_paths: Set of paths that already exist in the database
+        enable_metadata_extraction: If True, extract tier 1 & 2 metadata
+        compute_hashes: If True, compute blake3 hashes (slow for large files)
+    """
+    specs: list[SeedAssetSpec] = []
+    tag_pool: set[str] = set()
+    skipped = 0
+
+    for p in paths:
+        abs_p = os.path.abspath(p)
+        if abs_p in existing_paths:
+            skipped += 1
+            continue
+        try:
+            stat_p = os.stat(abs_p, follow_symlinks=False)
+        except OSError:
+            continue
+        if not stat_p.st_size:
+            continue
+        name, tags = get_name_and_tags_from_asset_path(abs_p)
+        rel_fname = compute_relative_filename(abs_p)
+
+        # Extract metadata (tier 1: filesystem, tier 2: safetensors header)
+        metadata = None
+        if enable_metadata_extraction:
+            metadata = extract_file_metadata(
+                abs_p,
+                stat_result=stat_p,
+                enable_safetensors=True,
+                relative_filename=rel_fname,
+            )
+
+        # Compute hash if requested
+        asset_hash: str | None = None
+        if compute_hashes:
+            try:
+                digest = compute_blake3_hash(abs_p)
+                asset_hash = "blake3:" + digest
+            except Exception as e:
+                logging.warning("Failed to hash %s: %s", abs_p, e)
+
+        mime_type = metadata.content_type if metadata else None
+        specs.append(
+            {
+                "abs_path": abs_p,
+                "size_bytes": stat_p.st_size,
+                "mtime_ns": get_mtime_ns(stat_p),
+                "info_name": name,
+                "tags": tags,
+                "fname": rel_fname,
+                "metadata": metadata,
+                "hash": asset_hash,
+                "mime_type": mime_type,
+            }
+        )
+        tag_pool.update(tags)
+
+    return specs, tag_pool, skipped
+
+
+def build_stub_specs(
+    paths: list[str],
+    existing_paths: set[str],
+) -> tuple[list[SeedAssetSpec], set[str], int]:
+    """Build minimal stub specs for fast phase scanning.
+
+    Only collects filesystem metadata (stat), no file content reading.
+    This is the fastest possible scan to populate the asset database.
+
+    Args:
+        paths: List of file paths to process
+        existing_paths: Set of paths that already exist in the database
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple of (specs, tag_pool, skipped_count)
+    """
+    specs: list[SeedAssetSpec] = []
+    tag_pool: set[str] = set()
+    skipped = 0
+
+    for p in paths:
+        abs_p = os.path.abspath(p)
+        if abs_p in existing_paths:
+            skipped += 1
+            continue
+        try:
+            stat_p = os.stat(abs_p, follow_symlinks=False)
+        except OSError:
+            continue
+        if not stat_p.st_size:
+            continue
+
+        name, tags = get_name_and_tags_from_asset_path(abs_p)
+        rel_fname = compute_relative_filename(abs_p)
+
+        specs.append(
+            {
+                "abs_path": abs_p,
+                "size_bytes": stat_p.st_size,
+                "mtime_ns": get_mtime_ns(stat_p),
+                "info_name": name,
+                "tags": tags,
+                "fname": rel_fname,
+                "metadata": None,
+                "hash": None,
+                "mime_type": None,
+            }
+        )
+        tag_pool.update(tags)
+
+    return specs, tag_pool, skipped
+
+
+def insert_asset_specs(specs: list[SeedAssetSpec], tag_pool: set[str]) -> int:
+    """Insert asset specs into database, returning count of created refs."""
+    if not specs:
+        return 0
+    with create_session() as sess:
+        if tag_pool:
+            ensure_tags_exist(sess, tag_pool, tag_type="user")
+        result = batch_insert_seed_assets(sess, specs=specs, owner_id="")
+        sess.commit()
+        return result.inserted_refs
+
+
+def seed_assets(
+    roots: tuple[RootType, ...],
+    enable_logging: bool = False,
+    compute_hashes: bool = False,
+) -> None:
+    """Scan the given roots and seed the assets into the database.
+
+    Args:
+        roots: Tuple of root types to scan (models, input, output)
+        enable_logging: If True, log progress and completion messages
+        compute_hashes: If True, compute blake3 hashes (slow for large files)
+
+    Note: This function does not mark missing assets.
+    Call mark_missing_outside_prefixes_safely separately if cleanup is needed.
     """
     if not dependencies_available():
         if enable_logging:
             logging.warning("Database dependencies not available, skipping assets scan")
         return
+
     t_start = time.perf_counter()
-    created = 0
-    skipped_existing = 0
-    orphans_pruned = 0
-    paths: list[str] = []
-    try:
-        existing_paths: set[str] = set()
-        for r in roots:
-            try:
-                survivors: set[str] = _fast_db_consistency_pass(r, collect_existing_paths=True, update_missing_tags=True)
-                if survivors:
-                    existing_paths.update(survivors)
-            except Exception as e:
-                logging.exception("fast DB scan failed for %s: %s", r, e)
 
-        try:
-            orphans_pruned = _prune_orphaned_assets(roots)
-        except Exception as e:
-            logging.exception("orphan pruning failed: %s", e)
+    existing_paths: set[str] = set()
+    for r in roots:
+        existing_paths.update(sync_root_safely(r))
 
-        if "models" in roots:
-            paths.extend(collect_models_files())
-        if "input" in roots:
-            paths.extend(list_tree(folder_paths.get_input_directory()))
-        if "output" in roots:
-            paths.extend(list_tree(folder_paths.get_output_directory()))
+    paths = collect_paths_for_roots(roots)
+    specs, tag_pool, skipped_existing = build_asset_specs(
+        paths, existing_paths, compute_hashes=compute_hashes
+    )
+    created = insert_asset_specs(specs, tag_pool)
 
-        specs: list[dict] = []
-        tag_pool: set[str] = set()
-        for p in paths:
-            abs_p = os.path.abspath(p)
-            if abs_p in existing_paths:
-                skipped_existing += 1
-                continue
-            try:
-                stat_p = os.stat(abs_p, follow_symlinks=False)
-            except OSError:
-                continue
-            # skip empty files
-            if not stat_p.st_size:
-                continue
-            name, tags = get_name_and_tags_from_asset_path(abs_p)
-            specs.append(
-                {
-                    "abs_path": abs_p,
-                    "size_bytes": stat_p.st_size,
-                    "mtime_ns": getattr(stat_p, "st_mtime_ns", int(stat_p.st_mtime * 1_000_000_000)),
-                    "info_name": name,
-                    "tags": tags,
-                    "fname": compute_relative_filename(abs_p),
-                }
-            )
-            for t in tags:
-                tag_pool.add(t)
-        # if no file specs, nothing to do
-        if not specs:
-            return
-        with create_session() as sess:
-            if tag_pool:
-                ensure_tags_exist(sess, tag_pool, tag_type="user")
-
-            result = seed_from_paths_batch(sess, specs=specs, owner_id="")
-            created += result["inserted_infos"]
-            sess.commit()
-    finally:
-        if enable_logging:
-            logging.info(
-                "Assets scan(roots=%s) completed in %.3fs (created=%d, skipped_existing=%d, orphans_pruned=%d, total_seen=%d)",
-                roots,
-                time.perf_counter() - t_start,
-                created,
-                skipped_existing,
-                orphans_pruned,
-                len(paths),
-            )
+    if enable_logging:
+        logging.info(
+            "Assets scan(roots=%s) completed in %.3fs "
+            "(created=%d, skipped_existing=%d, total_seen=%d)",
+            roots,
+            time.perf_counter() - t_start,
+            created,
+            skipped_existing,
+            len(paths),
+        )
 
 
-def _prune_orphaned_assets(roots: tuple[RootType, ...]) -> int:
-    """Prune cache states outside configured prefixes, then delete orphaned seed assets."""
-    all_prefixes = [os.path.abspath(p) for r in roots for p in prefixes_for_root(r)]
-    if not all_prefixes:
-        return 0
-
-    def make_prefix_condition(prefix: str):
-        base = prefix if prefix.endswith(os.sep) else prefix + os.sep
-        escaped, esc = escape_like_prefix(base)
-        return AssetCacheState.file_path.like(escaped + "%", escape=esc)
-
-    matches_valid_prefix = sqlalchemy.or_(*[make_prefix_condition(p) for p in all_prefixes])
-
-    orphan_subq = (
-        sqlalchemy.select(Asset.id)
-        .outerjoin(AssetCacheState, AssetCacheState.asset_id == Asset.id)
-        .where(Asset.hash.is_(None), AssetCacheState.id.is_(None))
-    ).scalar_subquery()
-
-    with create_session() as sess:
-        sess.execute(sqlalchemy.delete(AssetCacheState).where(~matches_valid_prefix))
-        sess.execute(sqlalchemy.delete(AssetInfo).where(AssetInfo.asset_id.in_(orphan_subq)))
-        result = sess.execute(sqlalchemy.delete(Asset).where(Asset.id.in_(orphan_subq)))
-        sess.commit()
-        return result.rowcount
+# Enrichment level constants
+ENRICHMENT_STUB = 0  # Fast scan: path, size, mtime only
+ENRICHMENT_METADATA = 1  # Metadata extracted (safetensors header, mime type)
+ENRICHMENT_HASHED = 2  # Hash computed (blake3)
 
 
-def _fast_db_consistency_pass(
-    root: RootType,
-    *,
-    collect_existing_paths: bool = False,
-    update_missing_tags: bool = False,
-) -> set[str] | None:
-    """Fast DB+FS pass for a root:
-      - Toggle needs_verify per state using fast check
-      - For hashed assets with at least one fast-ok state in this root: delete stale missing states
-      - For seed assets with all states missing: delete Asset and its AssetInfos
-      - Optionally add/remove 'missing' tags based on fast-ok in this root
-      - Optionally return surviving absolute paths
+def get_unenriched_assets_for_roots(
+    roots: tuple[RootType, ...],
+    max_level: int = ENRICHMENT_STUB,
+    limit: int = 1000,
+) -> list:
+    """Get assets that need enrichment for the given roots.
+
+    Args:
+        roots: Tuple of root types to scan
+        max_level: Maximum enrichment level to include
+        limit: Maximum number of rows to return
+
+    Returns:
+        List of UnenrichedReferenceRow
     """
-    prefixes = prefixes_for_root(root)
-    if not prefixes:
-        return set() if collect_existing_paths else None
+    prefixes: list[str] = []
+    for root in roots:
+        prefixes.extend(get_prefixes_for_root(root))
 
-    conds = []
-    for p in prefixes:
-        base = os.path.abspath(p)
-        if not base.endswith(os.sep):
-            base += os.sep
-        escaped, esc = escape_like_prefix(base)
-        conds.append(AssetCacheState.file_path.like(escaped + "%", escape=esc))
+    if not prefixes:
+        return []
 
     with create_session() as sess:
-        rows = (
-            sess.execute(
-                sqlalchemy.select(
-                    AssetCacheState.id,
-                    AssetCacheState.file_path,
-                    AssetCacheState.mtime_ns,
-                    AssetCacheState.needs_verify,
-                    AssetCacheState.asset_id,
-                    Asset.hash,
-                    Asset.size_bytes,
-                )
-                .join(Asset, Asset.id == AssetCacheState.asset_id)
-                .where(sqlalchemy.or_(*conds))
-                .order_by(AssetCacheState.asset_id.asc(), AssetCacheState.id.asc())
-            )
-        ).all()
+        return get_unenriched_references(
+            sess, prefixes, max_level=max_level, limit=limit
+        )
 
-        by_asset: dict[str, dict] = {}
-        for sid, fp, mtime_db, needs_verify, aid, a_hash, a_size in rows:
-            acc = by_asset.get(aid)
-            if acc is None:
-                acc = {"hash": a_hash, "size_db": int(a_size or 0), "states": []}
-                by_asset[aid] = acc
 
-            fast_ok = False
-            try:
-                exists = True
-                fast_ok = fast_asset_file_check(
-                    mtime_db=mtime_db,
-                    size_db=acc["size_db"],
-                    stat_result=os.stat(fp, follow_symlinks=True),
-                )
-            except FileNotFoundError:
-                exists = False
-            except OSError:
-                exists = False
+def enrich_asset(
+    file_path: str,
+    reference_id: str,
+    asset_id: str,
+    extract_metadata: bool = True,
+    compute_hash: bool = False,
+) -> int:
+    """Enrich a single asset with metadata and/or hash.
 
-            acc["states"].append({
-                "sid": sid,
-                "fp": fp,
-                "exists": exists,
-                "fast_ok": fast_ok,
-                "needs_verify": bool(needs_verify),
-            })
+    Args:
+        file_path: Absolute path to the file
+        reference_id: ID of the reference to update
+        asset_id: ID of the asset to update (for mime_type and hash)
+        extract_metadata: If True, extract safetensors header and mime type
+        compute_hash: If True, compute blake3 hash
 
-        to_set_verify: list[int] = []
-        to_clear_verify: list[int] = []
-        stale_state_ids: list[int] = []
-        survivors: set[str] = set()
+    Returns:
+        New enrichment level achieved
+    """
+    new_level = ENRICHMENT_STUB
 
-        for aid, acc in by_asset.items():
-            a_hash = acc["hash"]
-            states = acc["states"]
-            any_fast_ok = any(s["fast_ok"] for s in states)
-            all_missing = all(not s["exists"] for s in states)
+    try:
+        stat_p = os.stat(file_path, follow_symlinks=True)
+    except OSError:
+        return new_level
 
-            for s in states:
-                if not s["exists"]:
-                    continue
-                if s["fast_ok"] and s["needs_verify"]:
-                    to_clear_verify.append(s["sid"])
-                if not s["fast_ok"] and not s["needs_verify"]:
-                    to_set_verify.append(s["sid"])
+    rel_fname = compute_relative_filename(file_path)
+    mime_type: str | None = None
 
-            if a_hash is None:
-                if states and all_missing:  # remove seed Asset completely, if no valid AssetCache exists
-                    sess.execute(sqlalchemy.delete(AssetInfo).where(AssetInfo.asset_id == aid))
-                    asset = sess.get(Asset, aid)
-                    if asset:
-                        sess.delete(asset)
-                else:
-                    for s in states:
-                        if s["exists"]:
-                            survivors.add(os.path.abspath(s["fp"]))
-                continue
+    if extract_metadata:
+        metadata = extract_file_metadata(
+            file_path,
+            stat_result=stat_p,
+            enable_safetensors=True,
+            relative_filename=rel_fname,
+        )
+        if metadata:
+            mime_type = metadata.content_type
+            new_level = ENRICHMENT_METADATA
 
-            if any_fast_ok:  # if Asset has at least one valid AssetCache record, remove any invalid AssetCache records
-                for s in states:
-                    if not s["exists"]:
-                        stale_state_ids.append(s["sid"])
-                if update_missing_tags:
-                    with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
-                        remove_missing_tag_for_asset_id(sess, asset_id=aid)
-            elif update_missing_tags:
-                with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
-                    add_missing_tag_for_asset_id(sess, asset_id=aid, origin="automatic")
+    full_hash: str | None = None
+    if compute_hash:
+        try:
+            digest = compute_blake3_hash(file_path)
+            full_hash = f"blake3:{digest}"
+            new_level = ENRICHMENT_HASHED
+        except Exception as e:
+            logging.warning("Failed to hash %s: %s", file_path, e)
 
-            for s in states:
-                if s["exists"]:
-                    survivors.add(os.path.abspath(s["fp"]))
+    with create_session() as sess:
+        if extract_metadata and metadata:
+            user_metadata = metadata.to_user_metadata()
+            set_reference_metadata(sess, reference_id, user_metadata)
 
-        if stale_state_ids:
-            sess.execute(sqlalchemy.delete(AssetCacheState).where(AssetCacheState.id.in_(stale_state_ids)))
-        if to_set_verify:
-            sess.execute(
-                sqlalchemy.update(AssetCacheState)
-                .where(AssetCacheState.id.in_(to_set_verify))
-                .values(needs_verify=True)
-            )
-        if to_clear_verify:
-            sess.execute(
-                sqlalchemy.update(AssetCacheState)
-                .where(AssetCacheState.id.in_(to_clear_verify))
-                .values(needs_verify=False)
-            )
+        if full_hash:
+            existing = get_asset_by_hash(sess, full_hash)
+            if existing and existing.id != asset_id:
+                reassign_asset_references(sess, asset_id, existing.id, reference_id)
+                delete_orphaned_seed_asset(sess, asset_id)
+                if mime_type:
+                    update_asset_hash_and_mime(sess, existing.id, mime_type=mime_type)
+            else:
+                update_asset_hash_and_mime(sess, asset_id, full_hash, mime_type)
+        elif mime_type:
+            update_asset_hash_and_mime(sess, asset_id, mime_type=mime_type)
+
+        bulk_update_enrichment_level(sess, [reference_id], new_level)
         sess.commit()
-        return survivors if collect_existing_paths else None
+
+    return new_level
+
+
+def enrich_assets_batch(
+    rows: list,
+    extract_metadata: bool = True,
+    compute_hash: bool = False,
+) -> tuple[int, int]:
+    """Enrich a batch of assets.
+
+    Args:
+        rows: List of UnenrichedReferenceRow from get_unenriched_assets_for_roots
+        extract_metadata: If True, extract metadata for each asset
+        compute_hash: If True, compute hash for each asset
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple of (enriched_count, failed_count)
+    """
+    enriched = 0
+    failed = 0
+
+    for row in rows:
+        try:
+            new_level = enrich_asset(
+                file_path=row.file_path,
+                reference_id=row.reference_id,
+                asset_id=row.asset_id,
+                extract_metadata=extract_metadata,
+                compute_hash=compute_hash,
+            )
+            if new_level > row.enrichment_level:
+                enriched += 1
+            else:
+                failed += 1
+        except Exception as e:
+            logging.warning("Failed to enrich %s: %s", row.file_path, e)
+            failed += 1
+
+    return enriched, failed

app/assets/seeder.py

@@ -0,0 +1,719 @@
+"""Background asset seeder with thread management and cancellation support."""
+
+import logging
+import os
+import threading
+import time
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Callable
+
+from app.assets.scanner import (
+    ENRICHMENT_METADATA,
+    ENRICHMENT_STUB,
+    RootType,
+    build_stub_specs,
+    collect_paths_for_roots,
+    enrich_assets_batch,
+    get_all_known_prefixes,
+    get_prefixes_for_root,
+    get_unenriched_assets_for_roots,
+    insert_asset_specs,
+    mark_missing_outside_prefixes_safely,
+    sync_root_safely,
+)
+from app.database.db import dependencies_available
+
+
+class State(Enum):
+    """Seeder state machine states."""
+
+    IDLE = "IDLE"
+    RUNNING = "RUNNING"
+    PAUSED = "PAUSED"
+    CANCELLING = "CANCELLING"
+
+
+class ScanPhase(Enum):
+    """Scan phase options."""
+
+    FAST = "fast"  # Phase 1: filesystem only (stubs)
+    ENRICH = "enrich"  # Phase 2: metadata + hash
+    FULL = "full"  # Both phases sequentially
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Progress:
+    """Progress information for a scan operation."""
+
+    scanned: int = 0
+    total: int = 0
+    created: int = 0
+    skipped: int = 0
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ScanStatus:
+    """Current status of the asset seeder."""
+
+    state: State
+    progress: Progress | None
+    errors: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+
+
+ProgressCallback = Callable[[Progress], None]
+
+
+class AssetSeeder:
+    """Singleton class managing background asset scanning.
+
+    Thread-safe singleton that spawns ephemeral daemon threads for scanning.
+    Each scan creates a new thread that exits when complete.
+    """
+
+    _instance: "AssetSeeder | None" = None
+    _instance_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+    def __new__(cls) -> "AssetSeeder":
+        with cls._instance_lock:
+            if cls._instance is None:
+                cls._instance = super().__new__(cls)
+                cls._instance._initialized = False
+            return cls._instance
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        if self._initialized:
+            return
+        self._initialized = True
+        self._lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._state = State.IDLE
+        self._progress: Progress | None = None
+        self._errors: list[str] = []
+        self._thread: threading.Thread | None = None
+        self._cancel_event = threading.Event()
+        self._pause_event = threading.Event()
+        self._pause_event.set()  # Start unpaused (set = running, clear = paused)
+        self._roots: tuple[RootType, ...] = ()
+        self._phase: ScanPhase = ScanPhase.FULL
+        self._compute_hashes: bool = False
+        self._progress_callback: ProgressCallback | None = None
+        self._disabled: bool = False
+
+    def disable(self) -> None:
+        """Disable the asset seeder, preventing any scans from starting."""
+        self._disabled = True
+        logging.info("Asset seeder disabled")
+
+    def enable(self) -> None:
+        """Enable the asset seeder, allowing scans to start."""
+        self._disabled = False
+        logging.info("Asset seeder enabled")
+
+    def is_disabled(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the asset seeder is disabled."""
+        return self._disabled
+
+    def start(
+        self,
+        roots: tuple[RootType, ...] = ("models", "input", "output"),
+        phase: ScanPhase = ScanPhase.FULL,
+        progress_callback: ProgressCallback | None = None,
+        prune_first: bool = False,
+        compute_hashes: bool = False,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Start a background scan for the given roots.
+
+        Args:
+            roots: Tuple of root types to scan (models, input, output)
+            phase: Scan phase to run (FAST, ENRICH, or FULL for both)
+            progress_callback: Optional callback called with progress updates
+            prune_first: If True, prune orphaned assets before scanning
+            compute_hashes: If True, compute blake3 hashes (slow)
+
+        Returns:
+            True if scan was started, False if already running
+        """
+        if self._disabled:
+            logging.debug("Asset seeder is disabled, skipping start")
+            return False
+        logging.info("Seeder start (roots=%s, phase=%s)", roots, phase.value)
+        with self._lock:
+            if self._state != State.IDLE:
+                logging.info("Asset seeder already running, skipping start")
+                return False
+            self._state = State.RUNNING
+            self._progress = Progress()
+            self._errors = []
+            self._roots = roots
+            self._phase = phase
+            self._prune_first = prune_first
+            self._compute_hashes = compute_hashes
+            self._progress_callback = progress_callback
+            self._cancel_event.clear()
+            self._pause_event.set()  # Ensure unpaused when starting
+            self._thread = threading.Thread(
+                target=self._run_scan,
+                name="AssetSeeder",
+                daemon=True,
+            )
+            self._thread.start()
+            return True
+
+    def start_fast(
+        self,
+        roots: tuple[RootType, ...] = ("models", "input", "output"),
+        progress_callback: ProgressCallback | None = None,
+        prune_first: bool = False,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Start a fast scan (phase 1 only) - creates stub records.
+
+        Args:
+            roots: Tuple of root types to scan
+            progress_callback: Optional callback for progress updates
+            prune_first: If True, prune orphaned assets before scanning
+
+        Returns:
+            True if scan was started, False if already running
+        """
+        return self.start(
+            roots=roots,
+            phase=ScanPhase.FAST,
+            progress_callback=progress_callback,
+            prune_first=prune_first,
+            compute_hashes=False,
+        )
+
+    def start_enrich(
+        self,
+        roots: tuple[RootType, ...] = ("models", "input", "output"),
+        progress_callback: ProgressCallback | None = None,
+        compute_hashes: bool = False,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Start an enrichment scan (phase 2 only) - extracts metadata and hashes.
+
+        Args:
+            roots: Tuple of root types to scan
+            progress_callback: Optional callback for progress updates
+            compute_hashes: If True, compute blake3 hashes
+
+        Returns:
+            True if scan was started, False if already running
+        """
+        return self.start(
+            roots=roots,
+            phase=ScanPhase.ENRICH,
+            progress_callback=progress_callback,
+            prune_first=False,
+            compute_hashes=compute_hashes,
+        )
+
+    def cancel(self) -> bool:
+        """Request cancellation of the current scan.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if cancellation was requested, False if not running or paused
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            if self._state not in (State.RUNNING, State.PAUSED):
+                return False
+            logging.info("Asset seeder cancelling (was %s)", self._state.value)
+            self._state = State.CANCELLING
+            self._cancel_event.set()
+            self._pause_event.set()  # Unblock if paused so thread can exit
+            return True
+
+    def stop(self) -> bool:
+        """Stop the current scan (alias for cancel).
+
+        Returns:
+            True if stop was requested, False if not running
+        """
+        return self.cancel()
+
+    def pause(self) -> bool:
+        """Pause the current scan.
+
+        The scan will complete its current batch before pausing.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if pause was requested, False if not running
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            if self._state != State.RUNNING:
+                return False
+            logging.info("Asset seeder pausing")
+            self._state = State.PAUSED
+            self._pause_event.clear()
+            return True
+
+    def resume(self) -> bool:
+        """Resume a paused scan.
+
+        This is a noop if the scan is not in the PAUSED state
+
+        Returns:
+            True if resumed, False if not paused
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            if self._state != State.PAUSED:
+                return False
+            logging.info("Asset seeder resuming")
+            self._state = State.RUNNING
+            self._pause_event.set()
+        self._emit_event("assets.seed.resumed", {})
+        return True
+
+    def restart(
+        self,
+        roots: tuple[RootType, ...] | None = None,
+        phase: ScanPhase | None = None,
+        progress_callback: ProgressCallback | None = None,
+        prune_first: bool | None = None,
+        compute_hashes: bool | None = None,
+        timeout: float = 5.0,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Cancel any running scan and start a new one.
+
+        Args:
+            roots: Roots to scan (defaults to previous roots)
+            phase: Scan phase (defaults to previous phase)
+            progress_callback: Progress callback (defaults to previous)
+            prune_first: Prune before scan (defaults to previous)
+            compute_hashes: Compute hashes (defaults to previous)
+            timeout: Max seconds to wait for current scan to stop
+
+        Returns:
+            True if new scan was started, False if failed to stop previous
+        """
+        logging.info("Asset seeder restart requested")
+        with self._lock:
+            prev_roots = self._roots
+            prev_phase = self._phase
+            prev_callback = self._progress_callback
+            prev_prune = getattr(self, "_prune_first", False)
+            prev_hashes = self._compute_hashes
+
+        self.cancel()
+        if not self.wait(timeout=timeout):
+            return False
+
+        cb = progress_callback if progress_callback is not None else prev_callback
+        return self.start(
+            roots=roots if roots is not None else prev_roots,
+            phase=phase if phase is not None else prev_phase,
+            progress_callback=cb,
+            prune_first=prune_first if prune_first is not None else prev_prune,
+            compute_hashes=(
+                compute_hashes if compute_hashes is not None else prev_hashes
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def wait(self, timeout: float | None = None) -> bool:
+        """Wait for the current scan to complete.
+
+        Args:
+            timeout: Maximum seconds to wait, or None for no timeout
+
+        Returns:
+            True if scan completed, False if timeout expired or no scan running
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            thread = self._thread
+        if thread is None:
+            return True
+        thread.join(timeout=timeout)
+        return not thread.is_alive()
+
+    def get_status(self) -> ScanStatus:
+        """Get the current status and progress of the seeder."""
+        with self._lock:
+            return ScanStatus(
+                state=self._state,
+                progress=Progress(
+                    scanned=self._progress.scanned,
+                    total=self._progress.total,
+                    created=self._progress.created,
+                    skipped=self._progress.skipped,
+                )
+                if self._progress
+                else None,
+                errors=list(self._errors),
+            )
+
+    def shutdown(self, timeout: float = 5.0) -> None:
+        """Gracefully shutdown: cancel any running scan and wait for thread.
+
+        Args:
+            timeout: Maximum seconds to wait for thread to exit
+        """
+        self.cancel()
+        self.wait(timeout=timeout)
+        with self._lock:
+            self._thread = None
+
+    def mark_missing_outside_prefixes(self) -> int:
+        """Mark cache states as missing when outside all known root prefixes.
+
+        This is a non-destructive soft-delete operation. Assets and their
+        metadata are preserved, but cache states are flagged as missing.
+        They can be restored if the file reappears in a future scan.
+
+        This operation is decoupled from scanning to prevent partial scans
+        from accidentally marking assets belonging to other roots.
+
+        Should be called explicitly when cleanup is desired, typically after
+        a full scan of all roots or during maintenance.
+
+        Returns:
+            Number of cache states marked as missing, or 0 if dependencies
+            unavailable or a scan is currently running
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            if self._state != State.IDLE:
+                logging.warning(
+                    "Cannot mark missing assets while scan is running"
+                )
+                return 0
+            self._state = State.RUNNING
+
+        try:
+            if not dependencies_available():
+                logging.warning(
+                    "Database dependencies not available, skipping mark missing"
+                )
+                return 0
+
+            all_prefixes = get_all_known_prefixes()
+            marked = mark_missing_outside_prefixes_safely(all_prefixes)
+            if marked > 0:
+                logging.info("Marked %d cache states as missing", marked)
+            return marked
+        finally:
+            with self._lock:
+                self._state = State.IDLE
+
+    def _is_cancelled(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if cancellation has been requested."""
+        return self._cancel_event.is_set()
+
+    def _check_pause_and_cancel(self) -> bool:
+        """Block while paused, then check if cancelled.
+
+        Call this at checkpoint locations in scan loops. It will:
+        1. Block indefinitely while paused (until resume or cancel)
+        2. Return True if cancelled, False to continue
+
+        Returns:
+            True if scan should stop, False to continue
+        """
+        if not self._pause_event.is_set():
+            self._emit_event("assets.seed.paused", {})
+        self._pause_event.wait()  # Blocks if paused
+        return self._is_cancelled()
+
+    def _emit_event(self, event_type: str, data: dict) -> None:
+        """Emit a WebSocket event if server is available."""
+        try:
+            from server import PromptServer
+
+            if hasattr(PromptServer, "instance") and PromptServer.instance:
+                PromptServer.instance.send_sync(event_type, data)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def _update_progress(
+        self,
+        scanned: int | None = None,
+        total: int | None = None,
+        created: int | None = None,
+        skipped: int | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update progress counters (thread-safe)."""
+        callback: ProgressCallback | None = None
+        progress: Progress | None = None
+
+        with self._lock:
+            if self._progress is None:
+                return
+            if scanned is not None:
+                self._progress.scanned = scanned
+            if total is not None:
+                self._progress.total = total
+            if created is not None:
+                self._progress.created = created
+            if skipped is not None:
+                self._progress.skipped = skipped
+            if self._progress_callback:
+                callback = self._progress_callback
+                progress = Progress(
+                    scanned=self._progress.scanned,
+                    total=self._progress.total,
+                    created=self._progress.created,
+                    skipped=self._progress.skipped,
+                )
+
+        if callback and progress:
+            try:
+                callback(progress)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+    def _add_error(self, message: str) -> None:
+        """Add an error message (thread-safe)."""
+        with self._lock:
+            self._errors.append(message)
+
+    def _log_scan_config(self, roots: tuple[RootType, ...]) -> None:
+        """Log the directories that will be scanned."""
+        import folder_paths
+
+        for root in roots:
+            if root == "models":
+                logging.info(
+                    "Asset scan [models] directory: %s",
+                    os.path.abspath(folder_paths.models_dir),
+                )
+            else:
+                prefixes = get_prefixes_for_root(root)
+                if prefixes:
+                    logging.info("Asset scan [%s] directories: %s", root, prefixes)
+
+    def _run_scan(self) -> None:
+        """Main scan loop running in background thread."""
+        t_start = time.perf_counter()
+        roots = self._roots
+        phase = self._phase
+        cancelled = False
+        total_created = 0
+        total_enriched = 0
+        skipped_existing = 0
+        total_paths = 0
+
+        try:
+            if not dependencies_available():
+                self._add_error("Database dependencies not available")
+                self._emit_event(
+                    "assets.seed.error",
+                    {"message": "Database dependencies not available"},
+                )
+                return
+
+            if self._prune_first:
+                all_prefixes = get_all_known_prefixes()
+                marked = mark_missing_outside_prefixes_safely(all_prefixes)
+                if marked > 0:
+                    logging.info("Marked %d refs as missing before scan", marked)
+
+            if self._check_pause_and_cancel():
+                logging.info("Asset scan cancelled after pruning phase")
+                cancelled = True
+                return
+
+            self._log_scan_config(roots)
+
+            # Phase 1: Fast scan (stub records)
+            if phase in (ScanPhase.FAST, ScanPhase.FULL):
+                created, skipped, paths = self._run_fast_phase(roots)
+                total_created, skipped_existing, total_paths = created, skipped, paths
+
+                if self._check_pause_and_cancel():
+                    cancelled = True
+                    return
+
+                self._emit_event(
+                    "assets.seed.fast_complete",
+                    {
+                        "roots": list(roots),
+                        "created": total_created,
+                        "skipped": skipped_existing,
+                        "total": total_paths,
+                    },
+                )
+
+            # Phase 2: Enrichment scan (metadata + hashes)
+            if phase in (ScanPhase.ENRICH, ScanPhase.FULL):
+                if self._check_pause_and_cancel():
+                    cancelled = True
+                    return
+
+                total_enriched = self._run_enrich_phase(roots)
+
+                self._emit_event(
+                    "assets.seed.enrich_complete",
+                    {
+                        "roots": list(roots),
+                        "enriched": total_enriched,
+                    },
+                )
+
+            elapsed = time.perf_counter() - t_start
+            logging.info(
+                "Scan(%s, %s) done %.3fs: created=%d enriched=%d skipped=%d",
+                roots, phase.value, elapsed, total_created, total_enriched,
+                skipped_existing,
+            )
+
+            self._emit_event(
+                "assets.seed.completed",
+                {
+                    "phase": phase.value,
+                    "total": total_paths,
+                    "created": total_created,
+                    "enriched": total_enriched,
+                    "skipped": skipped_existing,
+                    "elapsed": round(elapsed, 3),
+                },
+            )
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            self._add_error(f"Scan failed: {e}")
+            logging.exception("Asset scan failed")
+            self._emit_event("assets.seed.error", {"message": str(e)})
+        finally:
+            if cancelled:
+                self._emit_event(
+                    "assets.seed.cancelled",
+                    {
+                        "scanned": self._progress.scanned if self._progress else 0,
+                        "total": total_paths,
+                        "created": total_created,
+                    },
+                )
+            with self._lock:
+                self._state = State.IDLE
+
+    def _run_fast_phase(self, roots: tuple[RootType, ...]) -> tuple[int, int, int]:
+        """Run phase 1: fast scan to create stub records.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple of (total_created, skipped_existing, total_paths)
+        """
+        total_created = 0
+        skipped_existing = 0
+
+        existing_paths: set[str] = set()
+        for r in roots:
+            if self._check_pause_and_cancel():
+                return total_created, skipped_existing, 0
+            existing_paths.update(sync_root_safely(r))
+
+        if self._check_pause_and_cancel():
+            return total_created, skipped_existing, 0
+
+        paths = collect_paths_for_roots(roots)
+        total_paths = len(paths)
+        self._update_progress(total=total_paths)
+
+        self._emit_event(
+            "assets.seed.started",
+            {"roots": list(roots), "total": total_paths, "phase": "fast"},
+        )
+
+        # Use stub specs (no metadata extraction, no hashing)
+        specs, tag_pool, skipped_existing = build_stub_specs(paths, existing_paths)
+        self._update_progress(skipped=skipped_existing)
+
+        if self._check_pause_and_cancel():
+            return total_created, skipped_existing, total_paths
+
+        batch_size = 500
+        last_progress_time = time.perf_counter()
+        progress_interval = 1.0
+
+        for i in range(0, len(specs), batch_size):
+            if self._check_pause_and_cancel():
+                logging.info(
+                    "Fast scan cancelled after %d/%d files (created=%d)",
+                    i,
+                    len(specs),
+                    total_created,
+                )
+                return total_created, skipped_existing, total_paths
+
+            batch = specs[i : i + batch_size]
+            batch_tags = {t for spec in batch for t in spec["tags"]}
+            try:
+                created = insert_asset_specs(batch, batch_tags)
+                total_created += created
+            except Exception as e:
+                self._add_error(f"Batch insert failed at offset {i}: {e}")
+                logging.exception("Batch insert failed at offset %d", i)
+
+            scanned = i + len(batch)
+            now = time.perf_counter()
+            self._update_progress(scanned=scanned, created=total_created)
+
+            if now - last_progress_time >= progress_interval:
+                self._emit_event(
+                    "assets.seed.progress",
+                    {
+                        "phase": "fast",
+                        "scanned": scanned,
+                        "total": len(specs),
+                        "created": total_created,
+                    },
+                )
+                last_progress_time = now
+
+        self._update_progress(scanned=len(specs), created=total_created)
+        return total_created, skipped_existing, total_paths
+
+    def _run_enrich_phase(self, roots: tuple[RootType, ...]) -> int:
+        """Run phase 2: enrich existing records with metadata and hashes.
+
+        Returns:
+            Total number of assets enriched
+        """
+        total_enriched = 0
+        batch_size = 100
+        last_progress_time = time.perf_counter()
+        progress_interval = 1.0
+
+        # Get the target enrichment level based on compute_hashes
+        if not self._compute_hashes:
+            target_max_level = ENRICHMENT_STUB
+        else:
+            target_max_level = ENRICHMENT_METADATA
+
+        self._emit_event(
+            "assets.seed.started",
+            {"roots": list(roots), "phase": "enrich"},
+        )
+
+        while True:
+            if self._check_pause_and_cancel():
+                logging.info("Enrich scan cancelled after %d assets", total_enriched)
+                break
+
+            # Fetch next batch of unenriched assets
+            unenriched = get_unenriched_assets_for_roots(
+                roots,
+                max_level=target_max_level,
+                limit=batch_size,
+            )
+
+            if not unenriched:
+                break
+
+            enriched, failed = enrich_assets_batch(
+                unenriched,
+                extract_metadata=True,
+                compute_hash=self._compute_hashes,
+            )
+            total_enriched += enriched
+
+            now = time.perf_counter()
+            if now - last_progress_time >= progress_interval:
+                self._emit_event(
+                    "assets.seed.progress",
+                    {
+                        "phase": "enrich",
+                        "enriched": total_enriched,
+                    },
+                )
+                last_progress_time = now
+
+        return total_enriched
+
+
+asset_seeder = AssetSeeder()

app/assets/services/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+from app.assets.services.asset_management import (
+    asset_exists,
+    delete_asset_reference,
+    get_asset_by_hash,
+    get_asset_detail,
+    list_assets_page,
+    resolve_asset_for_download,
+    set_asset_preview,
+    update_asset_metadata,
+)
+from app.assets.services.bulk_ingest import (
+    BulkInsertResult,
+    batch_insert_seed_assets,
+    cleanup_unreferenced_assets,
+    mark_assets_missing_outside_prefixes,
+)
+from app.assets.services.file_utils import (
+    get_mtime_ns,
+    get_size_and_mtime_ns,
+    list_files_recursively,
+    verify_file_unchanged,
+)
+from app.assets.services.ingest import (
+    DependencyMissingError,
+    HashMismatchError,
+    create_from_hash,
+    upload_from_temp_path,
+)
+from app.assets.services.schemas import (
+    AddTagsResult,
+    AssetData,
+    AssetDetailResult,
+    AssetSummaryData,
+    DownloadResolutionResult,
+    IngestResult,
+    ListAssetsResult,
+    ReferenceData,
+    RegisterAssetResult,
+    RemoveTagsResult,
+    SetTagsResult,
+    TagUsage,
+    UploadResult,
+    UserMetadata,
+)
+from app.assets.services.tagging import (
+    apply_tags,
+    list_tags,
+    remove_tags,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AddTagsResult",
+    "AssetData",
+    "AssetDetailResult",
+    "AssetSummaryData",
+    "ReferenceData",
+    "BulkInsertResult",
+    "DependencyMissingError",
+    "DownloadResolutionResult",
+    "HashMismatchError",
+    "IngestResult",
+    "ListAssetsResult",
+    "RegisterAssetResult",
+    "RemoveTagsResult",
+    "SetTagsResult",
+    "TagUsage",
+    "UploadResult",
+    "UserMetadata",
+    "apply_tags",
+    "asset_exists",
+    "batch_insert_seed_assets",
+    "create_from_hash",
+    "delete_asset_reference",
+    "get_asset_by_hash",
+    "get_asset_detail",
+    "get_mtime_ns",
+    "get_size_and_mtime_ns",
+    "list_assets_page",
+    "list_files_recursively",
+    "list_tags",
+    "cleanup_unreferenced_assets",
+    "mark_assets_missing_outside_prefixes",
+    "remove_tags",
+    "resolve_asset_for_download",
+    "set_asset_preview",
+    "update_asset_metadata",
+    "upload_from_temp_path",
+    "verify_file_unchanged",
+]

app/assets/services/asset_management.py

@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+import contextlib
+import mimetypes
+import os
+from typing import Sequence
+
+
+from app.assets.database.models import Asset
+from app.assets.database.queries import (
+    asset_exists_by_hash,
+    reference_exists_for_asset_id,
+    delete_reference_by_id,
+    fetch_reference_and_asset,
+    fetch_reference_asset_and_tags,
+    get_asset_by_hash as queries_get_asset_by_hash,
+    get_reference_by_id,
+    list_references_page,
+    list_references_by_asset_id,
+    set_reference_metadata,
+    set_reference_preview,
+    set_reference_tags,
+    update_reference_access_time,
+    update_reference_name,
+    update_reference_updated_at,
+)
+from app.assets.helpers import select_best_live_path
+from app.assets.services.path_utils import compute_filename_for_reference
+from app.assets.services.schemas import (
+    AssetData,
+    AssetDetailResult,
+    AssetSummaryData,
+    DownloadResolutionResult,
+    ListAssetsResult,
+    UserMetadata,
+    extract_asset_data,
+    extract_reference_data,
+)
+from app.database.db import create_session
+
+
+def get_asset_detail(
+    reference_id: str,
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> AssetDetailResult | None:
+    with create_session() as session:
+        result = fetch_reference_asset_and_tags(
+            session,
+            reference_id=reference_id,
+            owner_id=owner_id,
+        )
+        if not result:
+            return None
+
+        ref, asset, tags = result
+        return AssetDetailResult(
+            ref=extract_reference_data(ref),
+            asset=extract_asset_data(asset),
+            tags=tags,
+        )
+
+
+def update_asset_metadata(
+    reference_id: str,
+    name: str | None = None,
+    tags: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    user_metadata: UserMetadata = None,
+    tag_origin: str = "manual",
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> AssetDetailResult:
+    with create_session() as session:
+        ref = get_reference_by_id(session, reference_id=reference_id)
+        if not ref:
+            raise ValueError(f"AssetReference {reference_id} not found")
+        if ref.owner_id and ref.owner_id != owner_id:
+            raise PermissionError("not owner")
+
+        touched = False
+        if name is not None and name != ref.name:
+            update_reference_name(session, reference_id=reference_id, name=name)
+            touched = True
+
+        computed_filename = compute_filename_for_reference(session, ref)
+
+        new_meta: dict | None = None
+        if user_metadata is not None:
+            new_meta = dict(user_metadata)
+        elif computed_filename:
+            current_meta = ref.user_metadata or {}
+            if current_meta.get("filename") != computed_filename:
+                new_meta = dict(current_meta)
+
+        if new_meta is not None:
+            if computed_filename:
+                new_meta["filename"] = computed_filename
+            set_reference_metadata(
+                session, reference_id=reference_id, user_metadata=new_meta
+            )
+            touched = True
+
+        if tags is not None:
+            set_reference_tags(
+                session,
+                reference_id=reference_id,
+                tags=tags,
+                origin=tag_origin,
+            )
+            touched = True
+
+        if touched and user_metadata is None:
+            update_reference_updated_at(session, reference_id=reference_id)
+
+        result = fetch_reference_asset_and_tags(
+            session,
+            reference_id=reference_id,
+            owner_id=owner_id,
+        )
+        if not result:
+            raise RuntimeError("State changed during update")
+
+        ref, asset, tag_list = result
+        detail = AssetDetailResult(
+            ref=extract_reference_data(ref),
+            asset=extract_asset_data(asset),
+            tags=tag_list,
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        return detail
+
+
+def delete_asset_reference(
+    reference_id: str,
+    owner_id: str,
+    delete_content_if_orphan: bool = True,
+) -> bool:
+    with create_session() as session:
+        ref_row = get_reference_by_id(session, reference_id=reference_id)
+        asset_id = ref_row.asset_id if ref_row else None
+        file_path = ref_row.file_path if ref_row else None
+
+        deleted = delete_reference_by_id(
+            session, reference_id=reference_id, owner_id=owner_id
+        )
+        if not deleted:
+            session.commit()
+            return False
+
+        if not delete_content_if_orphan or not asset_id:
+            session.commit()
+            return True
+
+        still_exists = reference_exists_for_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset_id)
+        if still_exists:
+            session.commit()
+            return True
+
+        # Orphaned asset - delete it and its files
+        refs = list_references_by_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset_id)
+        file_paths = [
+            r.file_path for r in (refs or []) if getattr(r, "file_path", None)
+        ]
+        # Also include the just-deleted file path
+        if file_path:
+            file_paths.append(file_path)
+
+        asset_row = session.get(Asset, asset_id)
+        if asset_row is not None:
+            session.delete(asset_row)
+
+        session.commit()
+
+        # Delete files after commit
+        for p in file_paths:
+            with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+                if p and os.path.isfile(p):
+                    os.remove(p)
+
+    return True
+
+
+def set_asset_preview(
+    reference_id: str,
+    preview_asset_id: str | None = None,
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> AssetDetailResult:
+    with create_session() as session:
+        ref_row = get_reference_by_id(session, reference_id=reference_id)
+        if not ref_row:
+            raise ValueError(f"AssetReference {reference_id} not found")
+        if ref_row.owner_id and ref_row.owner_id != owner_id:
+            raise PermissionError("not owner")
+
+        set_reference_preview(
+            session,
+            reference_id=reference_id,
+            preview_asset_id=preview_asset_id,
+        )
+
+        result = fetch_reference_asset_and_tags(
+            session, reference_id=reference_id, owner_id=owner_id
+        )
+        if not result:
+            raise RuntimeError("State changed during preview update")
+
+        ref, asset, tags = result
+        detail = AssetDetailResult(
+            ref=extract_reference_data(ref),
+            asset=extract_asset_data(asset),
+            tags=tags,
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        return detail
+
+
+def asset_exists(asset_hash: str) -> bool:
+    with create_session() as session:
+        return asset_exists_by_hash(session, asset_hash=asset_hash)
+
+
+def get_asset_by_hash(asset_hash: str) -> AssetData | None:
+    with create_session() as session:
+        asset = queries_get_asset_by_hash(session, asset_hash=asset_hash)
+        return extract_asset_data(asset)
+
+
+def list_assets_page(
+    owner_id: str = "",
+    include_tags: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    exclude_tags: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    name_contains: str | None = None,
+    metadata_filter: dict | None = None,
+    limit: int = 20,
+    offset: int = 0,
+    sort: str = "created_at",
+    order: str = "desc",
+) -> ListAssetsResult:
+    with create_session() as session:
+        refs, tag_map, total = list_references_page(
+            session,
+            owner_id=owner_id,
+            include_tags=include_tags,
+            exclude_tags=exclude_tags,
+            name_contains=name_contains,
+            metadata_filter=metadata_filter,
+            limit=limit,
+            offset=offset,
+            sort=sort,
+            order=order,
+        )
+
+        items: list[AssetSummaryData] = []
+        for ref in refs:
+            items.append(
+                AssetSummaryData(
+                    ref=extract_reference_data(ref),
+                    asset=extract_asset_data(ref.asset),
+                    tags=tag_map.get(ref.id, []),
+                )
+            )
+
+        return ListAssetsResult(items=items, total=total)
+
+
+def resolve_asset_for_download(
+    reference_id: str,
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> DownloadResolutionResult:
+    with create_session() as session:
+        pair = fetch_reference_and_asset(
+            session, reference_id=reference_id, owner_id=owner_id
+        )
+        if not pair:
+            raise ValueError(f"AssetReference {reference_id} not found")
+
+        ref, asset = pair
+
+        # For references with file_path, use that directly
+        if ref.file_path and os.path.isfile(ref.file_path):
+            abs_path = ref.file_path
+        else:
+            # For API-created refs without file_path, find a path from other refs
+            refs = list_references_by_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset.id)
+            abs_path = select_best_live_path(refs)
+            if not abs_path:
+                raise FileNotFoundError(
+                    f"No live path for AssetReference {reference_id} "
+                    f"(asset id={asset.id}, name={ref.name})"
+                )
+
+        # Capture ORM attributes before commit (commit expires loaded objects)
+        ref_name = ref.name
+        asset_mime = asset.mime_type
+
+        update_reference_access_time(session, reference_id=reference_id)
+        session.commit()
+
+        ctype = (
+            asset_mime
+            or mimetypes.guess_type(ref_name or abs_path)[0]
+            or "application/octet-stream"
+        )
+        download_name = ref_name or os.path.basename(abs_path)
+        return DownloadResolutionResult(
+            abs_path=abs_path,
+            content_type=ctype,
+            download_name=download_name,
+        )

app/assets/services/bulk_ingest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import uuid
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypedDict
+
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.assets.database.queries import (
+    bulk_insert_assets,
+    bulk_insert_references_ignore_conflicts,
+    bulk_insert_tags_and_meta,
+    delete_assets_by_ids,
+    get_existing_asset_ids,
+    get_reference_ids_by_ids,
+    get_references_by_paths_and_asset_ids,
+    get_unreferenced_unhashed_asset_ids,
+    mark_references_missing_outside_prefixes,
+    restore_references_by_paths,
+)
+from app.assets.helpers import get_utc_now
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from app.assets.services.metadata_extract import ExtractedMetadata
+
+
+class SeedAssetSpec(TypedDict):
+    """Spec for seeding an asset from filesystem."""
+
+    abs_path: str
+    size_bytes: int
+    mtime_ns: int
+    info_name: str
+    tags: list[str]
+    fname: str
+    metadata: ExtractedMetadata | None
+    hash: str | None
+    mime_type: str | None
+
+
+class AssetRow(TypedDict):
+    """Row data for inserting an Asset."""
+
+    id: str
+    hash: str | None
+    size_bytes: int
+    mime_type: str | None
+    created_at: datetime
+
+
+class ReferenceRow(TypedDict):
+    """Row data for inserting an AssetReference."""
+
+    id: str
+    asset_id: str
+    file_path: str
+    mtime_ns: int
+    owner_id: str
+    name: str
+    preview_id: str | None
+    user_metadata: dict[str, Any] | None
+    created_at: datetime
+    updated_at: datetime
+    last_access_time: datetime
+
+
+class TagRow(TypedDict):
+    """Row data for inserting a Tag."""
+
+    asset_reference_id: str
+    tag_name: str
+    origin: str
+    added_at: datetime
+
+
+class MetadataRow(TypedDict):
+    """Row data for inserting asset metadata."""
+
+    asset_reference_id: str
+    key: str
+    ordinal: int
+    val_str: str | None
+    val_num: float | None
+    val_bool: bool | None
+    val_json: dict[str, Any] | None
+
+
+@dataclass
+class BulkInsertResult:
+    """Result of bulk asset insertion."""
+
+    inserted_refs: int
+    won_paths: int
+    lost_paths: int
+
+
+def batch_insert_seed_assets(
+    session: Session,
+    specs: list[SeedAssetSpec],
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> BulkInsertResult:
+    """Seed assets from filesystem specs in batch.
+
+    Each spec is a dict with keys:
+      - abs_path: str
+      - size_bytes: int
+      - mtime_ns: int
+      - info_name: str
+      - tags: list[str]
+      - fname: Optional[str]
+
+    This function orchestrates:
+    1. Insert seed Assets (hash=NULL)
+    2. Claim references with ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING on file_path
+    3. Query to find winners (paths where our asset_id was inserted)
+    4. Delete Assets for losers (path already claimed by another asset)
+    5. Insert tags and metadata for successfully inserted references
+
+    Returns:
+        BulkInsertResult with inserted_refs, won_paths, lost_paths
+    """
+    if not specs:
+        return BulkInsertResult(inserted_refs=0, won_paths=0, lost_paths=0)
+
+    current_time = get_utc_now()
+    asset_rows: list[AssetRow] = []
+    reference_rows: list[ReferenceRow] = []
+    path_to_asset_id: dict[str, str] = {}
+    asset_id_to_ref_data: dict[str, dict] = {}
+    absolute_path_list: list[str] = []
+
+    for spec in specs:
+        absolute_path = os.path.abspath(spec["abs_path"])
+        asset_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        reference_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        absolute_path_list.append(absolute_path)
+        path_to_asset_id[absolute_path] = asset_id
+
+        mime_type = spec.get("mime_type")
+        asset_rows.append(
+            {
+                "id": asset_id,
+                "hash": spec.get("hash"),
+                "size_bytes": spec["size_bytes"],
+                "mime_type": mime_type,
+                "created_at": current_time,
+            }
+        )
+
+        # Build user_metadata from extracted metadata or fallback to filename
+        extracted_metadata = spec.get("metadata")
+        if extracted_metadata:
+            user_metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = extracted_metadata.to_user_metadata()
+        elif spec["fname"]:
+            user_metadata = {"filename": spec["fname"]}
+        else:
+            user_metadata = None
+
+        reference_rows.append(
+            {
+                "id": reference_id,
+                "asset_id": asset_id,
+                "file_path": absolute_path,
+                "mtime_ns": spec["mtime_ns"],
+                "owner_id": owner_id,
+                "name": spec["info_name"],
+                "preview_id": None,
+                "user_metadata": user_metadata,
+                "created_at": current_time,
+                "updated_at": current_time,
+                "last_access_time": current_time,
+            }
+        )
+
+        asset_id_to_ref_data[asset_id] = {
+            "reference_id": reference_id,
+            "tags": spec["tags"],
+            "filename": spec["fname"],
+            "extracted_metadata": extracted_metadata,
+        }
+
+    bulk_insert_assets(session, asset_rows)
+
+    # Filter reference rows to only those whose assets were actually inserted
+    # (assets with duplicate hashes are silently dropped by ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING)
+    inserted_asset_ids = get_existing_asset_ids(
+        session, [r["asset_id"] for r in reference_rows]
+    )
+    reference_rows = [
+        r for r in reference_rows if r["asset_id"] in inserted_asset_ids
+    ]
+
+    bulk_insert_references_ignore_conflicts(session, reference_rows)
+    restore_references_by_paths(session, absolute_path_list)
+    winning_paths = get_references_by_paths_and_asset_ids(session, path_to_asset_id)
+
+    all_paths_set = set(absolute_path_list)
+    losing_paths = all_paths_set - winning_paths
+    lost_asset_ids = [path_to_asset_id[path] for path in losing_paths]
+
+    if lost_asset_ids:
+        delete_assets_by_ids(session, lost_asset_ids)
+
+    if not winning_paths:
+        return BulkInsertResult(
+            inserted_refs=0,
+            won_paths=0,
+            lost_paths=len(losing_paths),
+        )
+
+    # Get reference IDs for winners
+    winning_ref_ids = [
+        asset_id_to_ref_data[path_to_asset_id[path]]["reference_id"]
+        for path in winning_paths
+    ]
+    inserted_ref_ids = get_reference_ids_by_ids(session, winning_ref_ids)
+
+    tag_rows: list[TagRow] = []
+    metadata_rows: list[MetadataRow] = []
+
+    if inserted_ref_ids:
+        for path in winning_paths:
+            asset_id = path_to_asset_id[path]
+            ref_data = asset_id_to_ref_data[asset_id]
+            ref_id = ref_data["reference_id"]
+
+            if ref_id not in inserted_ref_ids:
+                continue
+
+            for tag in ref_data["tags"]:
+                tag_rows.append(
+                    {
+                        "asset_reference_id": ref_id,
+                        "tag_name": tag,
+                        "origin": "automatic",
+                        "added_at": current_time,
+                    }
+                )
+
+            # Use extracted metadata for meta rows if available
+            extracted_metadata = ref_data.get("extracted_metadata")
+            if extracted_metadata:
+                metadata_rows.extend(extracted_metadata.to_meta_rows(ref_id))
+            elif ref_data["filename"]:
+                # Fallback: just store filename
+                metadata_rows.append(
+                    {
+                        "asset_reference_id": ref_id,
+                        "key": "filename",
+                        "ordinal": 0,
+                        "val_str": ref_data["filename"],
+                        "val_num": None,
+                        "val_bool": None,
+                        "val_json": None,
+                    }
+                )
+
+    bulk_insert_tags_and_meta(session, tag_rows=tag_rows, meta_rows=metadata_rows)
+
+    return BulkInsertResult(
+        inserted_refs=len(inserted_ref_ids),
+        won_paths=len(winning_paths),
+        lost_paths=len(losing_paths),
+    )
+
+
+def mark_assets_missing_outside_prefixes(
+    session: Session, valid_prefixes: list[str]
+) -> int:
+    """Mark references as missing when outside valid prefixes.
+
+    This is a non-destructive operation that soft-deletes references
+    by setting is_missing=True. User metadata is preserved and assets
+    can be restored if the file reappears in a future scan.
+
+    Args:
+        session: Database session
+        valid_prefixes: List of absolute directory prefixes that are valid
+
+    Returns:
+        Number of references marked as missing
+    """
+    return mark_references_missing_outside_prefixes(session, valid_prefixes)
+
+
+def cleanup_unreferenced_assets(session: Session) -> int:
+    """Hard-delete unhashed assets with no active references.
+
+    This is a destructive operation intended for explicit cleanup.
+    Only deletes assets where hash=None and all references are missing.
+
+    Returns:
+        Number of assets deleted
+    """
+    unreferenced_ids = get_unreferenced_unhashed_asset_ids(session)
+    return delete_assets_by_ids(session, unreferenced_ids)

app/assets/services/file_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import os
+
+
+def get_mtime_ns(stat_result: os.stat_result) -> int:
+    """Extract mtime in nanoseconds from a stat result."""
+    return getattr(
+        stat_result, "st_mtime_ns", int(stat_result.st_mtime * 1_000_000_000)
+    )
+
+
+def get_size_and_mtime_ns(path: str, follow_symlinks: bool = True) -> tuple[int, int]:
+    """Get file size in bytes and mtime in nanoseconds."""
+    st = os.stat(path, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
+    return st.st_size, get_mtime_ns(st)
+
+
+def verify_file_unchanged(
+    mtime_db: int | None,
+    size_db: int | None,
+    stat_result: os.stat_result,
+) -> bool:
+    """Check if a file is unchanged based on mtime and size.
+
+    Returns True if the file's mtime and size match the database values.
+    Returns False if mtime_db is None or values don't match.
+
+    size_db=None means don't check size; 0 is a valid recorded size.
+    """
+    if mtime_db is None:
+        return False
+    actual_mtime_ns = get_mtime_ns(stat_result)
+    if int(mtime_db) != int(actual_mtime_ns):
+        return False
+    if size_db is not None:
+        return int(stat_result.st_size) == int(size_db)
+    return True
+
+
+def is_visible(name: str) -> bool:
+    """Return True if a file or directory name is visible (not hidden)."""
+    return not name.startswith(".")
+
+
+def list_files_recursively(base_dir: str) -> list[str]:
+    """Recursively list all files in a directory."""
+    out: list[str] = []
+    base_abs = os.path.abspath(base_dir)
+    if not os.path.isdir(base_abs):
+        return out
+    for dirpath, subdirs, filenames in os.walk(
+        base_abs, topdown=True, followlinks=False
+    ):
+        subdirs[:] = [d for d in subdirs if is_visible(d)]
+        for name in filenames:
+            if not is_visible(name):
+                continue
+            out.append(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(dirpath, name)))
+    return out

app/assets/services/hashing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+import asyncio
+import os
+from typing import IO
+
+from blake3 import blake3
+
+DEFAULT_CHUNK = 8 * 1024 * 1024
+
+
+def compute_blake3_hash(
+    fp: str | IO[bytes],
+    chunk_size: int = DEFAULT_CHUNK,
+) -> str:
+    if hasattr(fp, "read"):
+        return _hash_file_obj(fp, chunk_size)
+
+    with open(os.fspath(fp), "rb") as f:
+        return _hash_file_obj(f, chunk_size)
+
+
+async def compute_blake3_hash_async(
+    fp: str | IO[bytes],
+    chunk_size: int = DEFAULT_CHUNK,
+) -> str:
+    if hasattr(fp, "read"):
+        return await asyncio.to_thread(compute_blake3_hash, fp, chunk_size)
+
+    def _worker() -> str:
+        with open(os.fspath(fp), "rb") as f:
+            return _hash_file_obj(f, chunk_size)
+
+    return await asyncio.to_thread(_worker)
+
+
+def _hash_file_obj(file_obj: IO, chunk_size: int = DEFAULT_CHUNK) -> str:
+    if chunk_size <= 0:
+        chunk_size = DEFAULT_CHUNK
+
+    orig_pos = file_obj.tell()
+
+    try:
+        if orig_pos != 0:
+            file_obj.seek(0)
+
+        h = blake3()
+        while True:
+            chunk = file_obj.read(chunk_size)
+            if not chunk:
+                break
+            h.update(chunk)
+        return h.hexdigest()
+    finally:
+        file_obj.seek(orig_pos)

app/assets/services/ingest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+import contextlib
+import logging
+import mimetypes
+import os
+from typing import Sequence
+
+from sqlalchemy import select
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+import app.assets.services.hashing as hashing
+from app.assets.database.models import Asset, AssetReference, Tag
+from app.assets.database.queries import (
+    add_tags_to_reference,
+    fetch_reference_and_asset,
+    get_asset_by_hash,
+    get_reference_by_file_path,
+    get_reference_tags,
+    get_or_create_reference,
+    remove_missing_tag_for_asset_id,
+    set_reference_metadata,
+    set_reference_tags,
+    upsert_asset,
+    upsert_reference,
+)
+from app.assets.helpers import normalize_tags
+from app.assets.services.file_utils import get_size_and_mtime_ns
+from app.assets.services.path_utils import (
+    compute_filename_for_reference,
+    resolve_destination_from_tags,
+    validate_path_within_base,
+)
+from app.assets.services.schemas import (
+    IngestResult,
+    RegisterAssetResult,
+    UploadResult,
+    UserMetadata,
+    extract_asset_data,
+    extract_reference_data,
+)
+from app.database.db import create_session
+
+
+def _ingest_file_from_path(
+    abs_path: str,
+    asset_hash: str,
+    size_bytes: int,
+    mtime_ns: int,
+    mime_type: str | None = None,
+    info_name: str | None = None,
+    owner_id: str = "",
+    preview_id: str | None = None,
+    user_metadata: UserMetadata = None,
+    tags: Sequence[str] = (),
+    tag_origin: str = "manual",
+    require_existing_tags: bool = False,
+) -> IngestResult:
+    locator = os.path.abspath(abs_path)
+
+    asset_created = False
+    asset_updated = False
+    ref_created = False
+    ref_updated = False
+    reference_id: str | None = None
+
+    with create_session() as session:
+        if preview_id:
+            if not session.get(Asset, preview_id):
+                preview_id = None
+
+        asset, asset_created, asset_updated = upsert_asset(
+            session,
+            asset_hash=asset_hash,
+            size_bytes=size_bytes,
+            mime_type=mime_type,
+        )
+
+        ref_created, ref_updated = upsert_reference(
+            session,
+            asset_id=asset.id,
+            file_path=locator,
+            name=info_name or os.path.basename(locator),
+            mtime_ns=mtime_ns,
+            owner_id=owner_id,
+        )
+
+        # Get the reference we just created/updated
+        ref = get_reference_by_file_path(session, locator)
+        if ref:
+            reference_id = ref.id
+
+            if preview_id and ref.preview_id != preview_id:
+                ref.preview_id = preview_id
+
+            norm = normalize_tags(list(tags))
+            if norm:
+                if require_existing_tags:
+                    _validate_tags_exist(session, norm)
+                add_tags_to_reference(
+                    session,
+                    reference_id=reference_id,
+                    tags=norm,
+                    origin=tag_origin,
+                    create_if_missing=not require_existing_tags,
+                )
+
+            _update_metadata_with_filename(
+                session,
+                reference_id=reference_id,
+                ref=ref,
+                user_metadata=user_metadata,
+            )
+
+        try:
+            remove_missing_tag_for_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset.id)
+        except Exception:
+            logging.exception("Failed to clear 'missing' tag for asset %s", asset.id)
+
+        session.commit()
+
+    return IngestResult(
+        asset_created=asset_created,
+        asset_updated=asset_updated,
+        ref_created=ref_created,
+        ref_updated=ref_updated,
+        reference_id=reference_id,
+    )
+
+
+def _register_existing_asset(
+    asset_hash: str,
+    name: str,
+    user_metadata: UserMetadata = None,
+    tags: list[str] | None = None,
+    tag_origin: str = "manual",
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> RegisterAssetResult:
+    with create_session() as session:
+        asset = get_asset_by_hash(session, asset_hash=asset_hash)
+        if not asset:
+            raise ValueError(f"No asset with hash {asset_hash}")
+
+        ref, ref_created = get_or_create_reference(
+            session,
+            asset_id=asset.id,
+            owner_id=owner_id,
+            name=name,
+        )
+
+        if not ref_created:
+            tag_names = get_reference_tags(session, reference_id=ref.id)
+            result = RegisterAssetResult(
+                ref=extract_reference_data(ref),
+                asset=extract_asset_data(asset),
+                tags=tag_names,
+                created=False,
+            )
+            session.commit()
+            return result
+
+        new_meta = dict(user_metadata or {})
+        computed_filename = compute_filename_for_reference(session, ref)
+        if computed_filename:
+            new_meta["filename"] = computed_filename
+
+        if new_meta:
+            set_reference_metadata(
+                session,
+                reference_id=ref.id,
+                user_metadata=new_meta,
+            )
+
+        if tags is not None:
+            set_reference_tags(
+                session,
+                reference_id=ref.id,
+                tags=tags,
+                origin=tag_origin,
+            )
+
+        tag_names = get_reference_tags(session, reference_id=ref.id)
+        session.refresh(ref)
+        result = RegisterAssetResult(
+            ref=extract_reference_data(ref),
+            asset=extract_asset_data(asset),
+            tags=tag_names,
+            created=True,
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        return result
+
+
+def _validate_tags_exist(session: Session, tags: list[str]) -> None:
+    existing_tag_names = set(
+        name
+        for (name,) in session.execute(select(Tag.name).where(Tag.name.in_(tags))).all()
+    )
+    missing = [t for t in tags if t not in existing_tag_names]
+    if missing:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unknown tags: {missing}")
+
+
+def _update_metadata_with_filename(
+    session: Session,
+    reference_id: str,
+    ref: AssetReference,
+    user_metadata: UserMetadata,
+) -> None:
+    computed_filename = compute_filename_for_reference(session, ref)
+
+    current_meta = ref.user_metadata or {}
+    new_meta = dict(current_meta)
+    if user_metadata:
+        for k, v in user_metadata.items():
+            new_meta[k] = v
+    if computed_filename:
+        new_meta["filename"] = computed_filename
+
+    if new_meta != current_meta:
+        set_reference_metadata(
+            session,
+            reference_id=reference_id,
+            user_metadata=new_meta,
+        )
+
+
+def _sanitize_filename(name: str | None, fallback: str) -> str:
+    n = os.path.basename((name or "").strip() or fallback)
+    return n if n else fallback
+
+
+class HashMismatchError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class DependencyMissingError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, message: str):
+        self.message = message
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+def upload_from_temp_path(
+    temp_path: str,
+    name: str | None = None,
+    tags: list[str] | None = None,
+    user_metadata: dict | None = None,
+    client_filename: str | None = None,
+    owner_id: str = "",
+    expected_hash: str | None = None,
+) -> UploadResult:
+    try:
+        digest = hashing.compute_blake3_hash(temp_path)
+    except ImportError as e:
+        raise DependencyMissingError(str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"failed to hash uploaded file: {e}")
+    asset_hash = "blake3:" + digest
+
+    if expected_hash and asset_hash != expected_hash.strip().lower():
+        raise HashMismatchError("Uploaded file hash does not match provided hash.")
+
+    with create_session() as session:
+        existing = get_asset_by_hash(session, asset_hash=asset_hash)
+
+    if existing is not None:
+        with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+            if temp_path and os.path.exists(temp_path):
+                os.remove(temp_path)
+
+        display_name = _sanitize_filename(name or client_filename, fallback=digest)
+        result = _register_existing_asset(
+            asset_hash=asset_hash,
+            name=display_name,
+            user_metadata=user_metadata or {},
+            tags=tags or [],
+            tag_origin="manual",
+            owner_id=owner_id,
+        )
+        return UploadResult(
+            ref=result.ref,
+            asset=result.asset,
+            tags=result.tags,
+            created_new=False,
+        )
+
+    if not tags:
+        raise ValueError("tags are required for new asset uploads")
+    base_dir, subdirs = resolve_destination_from_tags(tags)
+    dest_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, *subdirs) if subdirs else base_dir
+    os.makedirs(dest_dir, exist_ok=True)
+
+    src_for_ext = (client_filename or name or "").strip()
+    _ext = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(src_for_ext))[1] if src_for_ext else ""
+    ext = _ext if 0 < len(_ext) <= 16 else ""
+    hashed_basename = f"{digest}{ext}"
+    dest_abs = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(dest_dir, hashed_basename))
+    validate_path_within_base(dest_abs, base_dir)
+
+    content_type = (
+        mimetypes.guess_type(os.path.basename(src_for_ext), strict=False)[0]
+        or mimetypes.guess_type(hashed_basename, strict=False)[0]
+        or "application/octet-stream"
+    )
+
+    try:
+        os.replace(temp_path, dest_abs)
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"failed to move uploaded file into place: {e}")
+
+    try:
+        size_bytes, mtime_ns = get_size_and_mtime_ns(dest_abs)
+    except OSError as e:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"failed to stat destination file: {e}")
+
+    ingest_result = _ingest_file_from_path(
+        asset_hash=asset_hash,
+        abs_path=dest_abs,
+        size_bytes=size_bytes,
+        mtime_ns=mtime_ns,
+        mime_type=content_type,
+        info_name=_sanitize_filename(name or client_filename, fallback=digest),
+        owner_id=owner_id,
+        preview_id=None,
+        user_metadata=user_metadata or {},
+        tags=tags,
+        tag_origin="manual",
+        require_existing_tags=False,
+    )
+    reference_id = ingest_result.reference_id
+    if not reference_id:
+        raise RuntimeError("failed to create asset reference")
+
+    with create_session() as session:
+        pair = fetch_reference_and_asset(
+            session, reference_id=reference_id, owner_id=owner_id
+        )
+        if not pair:
+            raise RuntimeError("inconsistent DB state after ingest")
+        ref, asset = pair
+        tag_names = get_reference_tags(session, reference_id=ref.id)
+
+    return UploadResult(
+        ref=extract_reference_data(ref),
+        asset=extract_asset_data(asset),
+        tags=tag_names,
+        created_new=ingest_result.asset_created,
+    )
+
+
+def create_from_hash(
+    hash_str: str,
+    name: str,
+    tags: list[str] | None = None,
+    user_metadata: dict | None = None,
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> UploadResult | None:
+    canonical = hash_str.strip().lower()
+
+    with create_session() as session:
+        asset = get_asset_by_hash(session, asset_hash=canonical)
+        if not asset:
+            return None
+
+    result = _register_existing_asset(
+        asset_hash=canonical,
+        name=_sanitize_filename(
+            name, fallback=canonical.split(":", 1)[1] if ":" in canonical else canonical
+        ),
+        user_metadata=user_metadata or {},
+        tags=tags or [],
+        tag_origin="manual",
+        owner_id=owner_id,
+    )
+
+    return UploadResult(
+        ref=result.ref,
+        asset=result.asset,
+        tags=result.tags,
+        created_new=False,
+    )

app/assets/services/metadata_extract.py

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+"""Metadata extraction for asset scanning.
+
+Tier 1: Filesystem metadata (zero parsing)
+Tier 2: Safetensors header metadata (fast JSON read only)
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import logging
+import mimetypes
+import os
+import struct
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any
+
+# Supported safetensors extensions
+SAFETENSORS_EXTENSIONS = frozenset({".safetensors", ".sft"})
+
+# Maximum safetensors header size to read (8MB)
+MAX_SAFETENSORS_HEADER_SIZE = 8 * 1024 * 1024
+
+def _register_custom_mime_types():
+    """Register custom MIME types for model and config files.
+
+    Called before each use because mimetypes.init() in server.py resets the database.
+    Uses a quick check to avoid redundant registrations.
+    """
+    # Quick check if already registered (avoids redundant add_type calls)
+    test_result, _ = mimetypes.guess_type("test.safetensors")
+    if test_result == "application/safetensors":
+        return
+
+    mimetypes.add_type("application/safetensors", ".safetensors")
+    mimetypes.add_type("application/safetensors", ".sft")
+    mimetypes.add_type("application/pytorch", ".pt")
+    mimetypes.add_type("application/pytorch", ".pth")
+    mimetypes.add_type("application/pickle", ".ckpt")
+    mimetypes.add_type("application/pickle", ".pkl")
+    mimetypes.add_type("application/gguf", ".gguf")
+    mimetypes.add_type("application/yaml", ".yaml")
+    mimetypes.add_type("application/yaml", ".yml")
+
+
+# Register custom types at module load
+_register_custom_mime_types()
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ExtractedMetadata:
+    """Metadata extracted from a file during scanning."""
+
+    # Tier 1: Filesystem (always available)
+    filename: str = ""
+    file_path: str = ""  # Full absolute path to the file
+    content_length: int = 0
+    content_type: str | None = None
+    format: str = ""  # file extension without dot
+
+    # Tier 2: Safetensors header (if available)
+    base_model: str | None = None
+    trained_words: list[str] | None = None
+    air: str | None = None  # CivitAI AIR identifier
+    has_preview_images: bool = False
+
+    # Source provenance (populated if embedded in safetensors)
+    source_url: str | None = None
+    source_arn: str | None = None
+    repo_url: str | None = None
+    preview_url: str | None = None
+    source_hash: str | None = None
+
+    # HuggingFace specific
+    repo_id: str | None = None
+    revision: str | None = None
+    filepath: str | None = None
+    resolve_url: str | None = None
+
+    def to_user_metadata(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Convert to user_metadata dict for AssetReference.user_metadata JSON field."""
+        data: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "filename": self.filename,
+            "content_length": self.content_length,
+            "format": self.format,
+        }
+        if self.file_path:
+            data["file_path"] = self.file_path
+        if self.content_type:
+            data["content_type"] = self.content_type
+
+        # Tier 2 fields
+        if self.base_model:
+            data["base_model"] = self.base_model
+        if self.trained_words:
+            data["trained_words"] = self.trained_words
+        if self.air:
+            data["air"] = self.air
+        if self.has_preview_images:
+            data["has_preview_images"] = True
+
+        # Source provenance
+        if self.source_url:
+            data["source_url"] = self.source_url
+        if self.source_arn:
+            data["source_arn"] = self.source_arn
+        if self.repo_url:
+            data["repo_url"] = self.repo_url
+        if self.preview_url:
+            data["preview_url"] = self.preview_url
+        if self.source_hash:
+            data["source_hash"] = self.source_hash
+
+        # HuggingFace
+        if self.repo_id:
+            data["repo_id"] = self.repo_id
+        if self.revision:
+            data["revision"] = self.revision
+        if self.filepath:
+            data["filepath"] = self.filepath
+        if self.resolve_url:
+            data["resolve_url"] = self.resolve_url
+
+        return data
+
+    def to_meta_rows(self, reference_id: str) -> list[dict]:
+        """Convert to asset_reference_meta rows for typed/indexed querying."""
+        rows: list[dict] = []
+
+        def add_str(key: str, val: str | None, ordinal: int = 0) -> None:
+            if val:
+                rows.append({
+                    "asset_reference_id": reference_id,
+                    "key": key,
+                    "ordinal": ordinal,
+                    "val_str": val[:2048] if len(val) > 2048 else val,
+                    "val_num": None,
+                    "val_bool": None,
+                    "val_json": None,
+                })
+
+        def add_num(key: str, val: int | float | None) -> None:
+            if val is not None:
+                rows.append({
+                    "asset_reference_id": reference_id,
+                    "key": key,
+                    "ordinal": 0,
+                    "val_str": None,
+                    "val_num": val,
+                    "val_bool": None,
+                    "val_json": None,
+                })
+
+        def add_bool(key: str, val: bool | None) -> None:
+            if val is not None:
+                rows.append({
+                    "asset_reference_id": reference_id,
+                    "key": key,
+                    "ordinal": 0,
+                    "val_str": None,
+                    "val_num": None,
+                    "val_bool": val,
+                    "val_json": None,
+                })
+
+        # Tier 1
+        add_str("filename", self.filename)
+        add_num("content_length", self.content_length)
+        add_str("content_type", self.content_type)
+        add_str("format", self.format)
+
+        # Tier 2
+        add_str("base_model", self.base_model)
+        add_str("air", self.air)
+        has_previews = self.has_preview_images if self.has_preview_images else None
+        add_bool("has_preview_images", has_previews)
+
+        # trained_words as multiple rows with ordinals
+        if self.trained_words:
+            for i, word in enumerate(self.trained_words[:100]):  # limit to 100 words
+                add_str("trained_words", word, ordinal=i)
+
+        # Source provenance
+        add_str("source_url", self.source_url)
+        add_str("source_arn", self.source_arn)
+        add_str("repo_url", self.repo_url)
+        add_str("preview_url", self.preview_url)
+        add_str("source_hash", self.source_hash)
+
+        # HuggingFace
+        add_str("repo_id", self.repo_id)
+        add_str("revision", self.revision)
+        add_str("filepath", self.filepath)
+        add_str("resolve_url", self.resolve_url)
+
+        return rows
+
+
+def _read_safetensors_header(
+    path: str, max_size: int = MAX_SAFETENSORS_HEADER_SIZE
+) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    """Read only the JSON header from a safetensors file.
+
+    This is very fast - reads 8 bytes for header length, then the JSON header.
+    No tensor data is loaded.
+
+    Args:
+        path: Absolute path to safetensors file
+        max_size: Maximum header size to read (default 8MB)
+
+    Returns:
+        Parsed header dict or None if failed
+    """
+    try:
+        with open(path, "rb") as f:
+            header_bytes = f.read(8)
+            if len(header_bytes) < 8:
+                return None
+            length_of_header = struct.unpack("<Q", header_bytes)[0]
+            if length_of_header > max_size:
+                return None
+            header_data = f.read(length_of_header)
+            if len(header_data) < length_of_header:
+                return None
+            return json.loads(header_data.decode("utf-8"))
+    except (OSError, json.JSONDecodeError, UnicodeDecodeError, struct.error):
+        return None
+
+
+def _extract_safetensors_metadata(
+    header: dict[str, Any], meta: ExtractedMetadata
+) -> None:
+    """Extract metadata from safetensors header __metadata__ section.
+
+    Modifies meta in-place.
+    """
+    st_meta = header.get("__metadata__", {})
+    if not isinstance(st_meta, dict):
+        return
+
+    # Common model metadata
+    meta.base_model = (
+        st_meta.get("ss_base_model_version")
+        or st_meta.get("modelspec.base_model")
+        or st_meta.get("base_model")
+    )
+
+    # Trained words / trigger words
+    trained_words = st_meta.get("ss_tag_frequency")
+    if trained_words and isinstance(trained_words, str):
+        try:
+            tag_freq = json.loads(trained_words)
+            # Extract unique tags from all datasets
+            all_tags: set[str] = set()
+            for dataset_tags in tag_freq.values():
+                if isinstance(dataset_tags, dict):
+                    all_tags.update(dataset_tags.keys())
+            if all_tags:
+                meta.trained_words = sorted(all_tags)[:100]
+        except json.JSONDecodeError:
+            pass
+
+    # Direct trained_words field (some formats)
+    if not meta.trained_words:
+        tw = st_meta.get("trained_words")
+        if isinstance(tw, str):
+            try:
+                meta.trained_words = json.loads(tw)
+            except json.JSONDecodeError:
+                meta.trained_words = [w.strip() for w in tw.split(",") if w.strip()]
+        elif isinstance(tw, list):
+            meta.trained_words = tw
+
+    # CivitAI AIR
+    meta.air = st_meta.get("air") or st_meta.get("modelspec.air")
+
+    # Preview images (ssmd_cover_images)
+    cover_images = st_meta.get("ssmd_cover_images")
+    if cover_images:
+        meta.has_preview_images = True
+
+    # Source provenance fields
+    meta.source_url = st_meta.get("source_url")
+    meta.source_arn = st_meta.get("source_arn")
+    meta.repo_url = st_meta.get("repo_url")
+    meta.preview_url = st_meta.get("preview_url")
+    meta.source_hash = st_meta.get("source_hash") or st_meta.get("sshs_model_hash")
+
+    # HuggingFace fields
+    meta.repo_id = st_meta.get("repo_id") or st_meta.get("hf_repo_id")
+    meta.revision = st_meta.get("revision") or st_meta.get("hf_revision")
+    meta.filepath = st_meta.get("filepath") or st_meta.get("hf_filepath")
+    meta.resolve_url = st_meta.get("resolve_url") or st_meta.get("hf_url")
+
+
+def extract_file_metadata(
+    abs_path: str,
+    stat_result: os.stat_result | None = None,
+    enable_safetensors: bool = True,
+    relative_filename: str | None = None,
+) -> ExtractedMetadata:
+    """Extract metadata from a file using tier 1 and optionally tier 2 methods.
+
+    Tier 1 (always): Filesystem metadata from path and stat
+    Tier 2 (optional): Safetensors header parsing if applicable
+
+    Args:
+        abs_path: Absolute path to the file
+        stat_result: Optional pre-fetched stat result (saves a syscall)
+        enable_safetensors: Whether to parse safetensors headers (tier 2)
+        relative_filename: Optional relative filename to use instead of basename
+            (e.g., "flux/123/model.safetensors" for model paths)
+
+    Returns:
+        ExtractedMetadata with all available fields populated
+    """
+    meta = ExtractedMetadata()
+
+    # Tier 1: Filesystem metadata
+    meta.filename = relative_filename or os.path.basename(abs_path)
+    meta.file_path = abs_path
+    _, ext = os.path.splitext(abs_path)
+    meta.format = ext.lstrip(".").lower() if ext else ""
+
+    # MIME type guess (re-register in case mimetypes.init() was called elsewhere)
+    _register_custom_mime_types()
+    mime_type, _ = mimetypes.guess_type(abs_path)
+    meta.content_type = mime_type
+
+    # Size from stat
+    if stat_result is None:
+        try:
+            stat_result = os.stat(abs_path, follow_symlinks=True)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+    if stat_result:
+        meta.content_length = stat_result.st_size
+
+    # Tier 2: Safetensors header (if applicable and enabled)
+    if enable_safetensors and ext.lower() in SAFETENSORS_EXTENSIONS:
+        header = _read_safetensors_header(abs_path)
+        if header:
+            try:
+                _extract_safetensors_metadata(header, meta)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logging.debug("Safetensors meta extract failed %s: %s", abs_path, e)
+
+    return meta

app/assets/services/path_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Literal
+
+import folder_paths
+from app.assets.database.queries import list_references_by_asset_id
+from app.assets.helpers import normalize_tags, select_best_live_path
+
+
+def get_comfy_models_folders() -> list[tuple[str, list[str]]]:
+    """Build list of (folder_name, base_paths[]) for model locations.
+
+    Includes a category if any of its base paths lies under models_dir.
+    """
+    targets: list[tuple[str, list[str]]] = []
+    models_root = os.path.abspath(folder_paths.models_dir)
+    for name, values in folder_paths.folder_names_and_paths.items():
+        # Unpack carefully to handle nodepacks that modify folder_paths
+        paths, _exts = values[0], values[1]
+        if any(os.path.abspath(p).startswith(models_root + os.sep) for p in paths):
+            targets.append((name, paths))
+    return targets
+
+
+def resolve_destination_from_tags(tags: list[str]) -> tuple[str, list[str]]:
+    """Validates and maps tags -> (base_dir, subdirs_for_fs)"""
+    root = tags[0]
+    if root == "models":
+        if len(tags) < 2:
+            raise ValueError("at least two tags required for model asset")
+        try:
+            bases = folder_paths.folder_names_and_paths[tags[1]][0]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ValueError(f"unknown model category '{tags[1]}'")
+        if not bases:
+            raise ValueError(f"no base path configured for category '{tags[1]}'")
+        base_dir = os.path.abspath(bases[0])
+        raw_subdirs = tags[2:]
+    else:
+        base_dir = os.path.abspath(
+            folder_paths.get_input_directory()
+            if root == "input"
+            else folder_paths.get_output_directory()
+        )
+        raw_subdirs = tags[1:]
+    for i in raw_subdirs:
+        if i in (".", ".."):
+            raise ValueError("invalid path component in tags")
+
+    return base_dir, raw_subdirs if raw_subdirs else []
+
+
+def validate_path_within_base(candidate: str, base: str) -> None:
+    cand_abs = os.path.abspath(candidate)
+    base_abs = os.path.abspath(base)
+    try:
+        common = os.path.commonpath([cand_abs, base_abs])
+    except Exception:
+        raise ValueError("invalid destination path")
+    if common != base_abs:
+        raise ValueError("destination escapes base directory")
+
+
+def compute_relative_filename(file_path: str) -> str | None:
+    """
+    Return the model's path relative to the last well-known folder (the model category),
+    using forward slashes, eg:
+      /.../models/checkpoints/flux/123/flux.safetensors -> "flux/123/flux.safetensors"
+      /.../models/text_encoders/clip_g.safetensors -> "clip_g.safetensors"
+
+    For non-model paths, returns None.
+    """
+    try:
+        root_category, rel_path = get_asset_category_and_relative_path(file_path)
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+    p = Path(rel_path)
+    parts = [seg for seg in p.parts if seg not in (".", "..", p.anchor)]
+    if not parts:
+        return None
+
+    if root_category == "models":
+        # parts[0] is the category ("checkpoints", "vae", etc) – drop it
+        inside = parts[1:] if len(parts) > 1 else [parts[0]]
+        return "/".join(inside)
+    return "/".join(parts)  # input/output: keep all parts
+
+
+def get_asset_category_and_relative_path(
+    file_path: str,
+) -> tuple[Literal["input", "output", "models"], str]:
+    """Determine which root category a file path belongs to.
+
+    Categories:
+      - 'input': under folder_paths.get_input_directory()
+      - 'output': under folder_paths.get_output_directory()
+      - 'models': under any base path from get_comfy_models_folders()
+
+    Returns:
+        (root_category, relative_path_inside_that_root)
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: path does not belong to any known root.
+    """
+    fp_abs = os.path.abspath(file_path)
+
+    def _check_is_within(child: str, parent: str) -> bool:
+        try:
+            return os.path.commonpath([child, parent]) == parent
+        except Exception:
+            return False
+
+    def _compute_relative(child: str, parent: str) -> str:
+        return os.path.relpath(
+            os.path.join(os.sep, os.path.relpath(child, parent)), os.sep
+        )
+
+    # 1) input
+    input_base = os.path.abspath(folder_paths.get_input_directory())
+    if _check_is_within(fp_abs, input_base):
+        return "input", _compute_relative(fp_abs, input_base)
+
+    # 2) output
+    output_base = os.path.abspath(folder_paths.get_output_directory())
+    if _check_is_within(fp_abs, output_base):
+        return "output", _compute_relative(fp_abs, output_base)
+
+    # 3) models (check deepest matching base to avoid ambiguity)
+    best: tuple[int, str, str] | None = None  # (base_len, bucket, rel_inside_bucket)
+    for bucket, bases in get_comfy_models_folders():
+        for b in bases:
+            base_abs = os.path.abspath(b)
+            if not _check_is_within(fp_abs, base_abs):
+                continue
+            cand = (len(base_abs), bucket, _compute_relative(fp_abs, base_abs))
+            if best is None or cand[0] > best[0]:
+                best = cand
+
+    if best is not None:
+        _, bucket, rel_inside = best
+        combined = os.path.join(bucket, rel_inside)
+        return "models", os.path.relpath(os.path.join(os.sep, combined), os.sep)
+
+    raise ValueError(
+        f"Path is not within input, output, or configured model bases: {file_path}"
+    )
+
+
+def compute_filename_for_reference(session, ref) -> str | None:
+    """Compute the relative filename for an asset reference.
+
+    Uses the file_path from the reference if available.
+    """
+    if ref.file_path:
+        return compute_relative_filename(ref.file_path)
+    return None
+
+
+def compute_filename_for_asset(session, asset_id: str) -> str | None:
+    """Compute the relative filename for an asset from its best live reference path."""
+    primary_path = select_best_live_path(
+        list_references_by_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset_id)
+    )
+    return compute_relative_filename(primary_path) if primary_path else None
+
+
+def get_name_and_tags_from_asset_path(file_path: str) -> tuple[str, list[str]]:
+    """Return (name, tags) derived from a filesystem path.
+
+    - name: base filename with extension
+    - tags: [root_category] + parent folder names in order
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: path does not belong to any known root.
+    """
+    root_category, some_path = get_asset_category_and_relative_path(file_path)
+    p = Path(some_path)
+    parent_parts = [
+        part for part in p.parent.parts if part not in (".", "..", p.anchor)
+    ]
+    return p.name, list(dict.fromkeys(normalize_tags([root_category, *parent_parts])))

app/assets/services/schemas.py

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Any, NamedTuple
+
+from app.assets.database.models import Asset, AssetReference
+
+UserMetadata = dict[str, Any] | None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AssetData:
+    hash: str
+    size_bytes: int | None
+    mime_type: str | None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ReferenceData:
+    """Data transfer object for AssetReference."""
+
+    id: str
+    name: str
+    file_path: str | None
+    user_metadata: UserMetadata
+    preview_id: str | None
+    created_at: datetime
+    updated_at: datetime
+    last_access_time: datetime | None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AssetDetailResult:
+    ref: ReferenceData
+    asset: AssetData | None
+    tags: list[str]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class RegisterAssetResult:
+    ref: ReferenceData
+    asset: AssetData
+    tags: list[str]
+    created: bool
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class IngestResult:
+    asset_created: bool
+    asset_updated: bool
+    ref_created: bool
+    ref_updated: bool
+    reference_id: str | None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AddTagsResult:
+    added: list[str]
+    already_present: list[str]
+    total_tags: list[str]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class RemoveTagsResult:
+    removed: list[str]
+    not_present: list[str]
+    total_tags: list[str]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class SetTagsResult:
+    added: list[str]
+    removed: list[str]
+    total: list[str]
+
+
+class TagUsage(NamedTuple):
+    name: str
+    tag_type: str
+    count: int
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AssetSummaryData:
+    ref: ReferenceData
+    asset: AssetData | None
+    tags: list[str]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ListAssetsResult:
+    items: list[AssetSummaryData]
+    total: int
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class DownloadResolutionResult:
+    abs_path: str
+    content_type: str
+    download_name: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class UploadResult:
+    ref: ReferenceData
+    asset: AssetData
+    tags: list[str]
+    created_new: bool
+
+
+def extract_reference_data(ref: AssetReference) -> ReferenceData:
+    return ReferenceData(
+        id=ref.id,
+        name=ref.name,
+        file_path=ref.file_path,
+        user_metadata=ref.user_metadata,
+        preview_id=ref.preview_id,
+        created_at=ref.created_at,
+        updated_at=ref.updated_at,
+        last_access_time=ref.last_access_time,
+    )
+
+
+def extract_asset_data(asset: Asset | None) -> AssetData | None:
+    if asset is None:
+        return None
+    return AssetData(
+        hash=asset.hash,
+        size_bytes=asset.size_bytes,
+        mime_type=asset.mime_type,
+    )

app/assets/services/tagging.py

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+from app.assets.database.queries import (
+    add_tags_to_reference,
+    get_reference_by_id,
+    list_tags_with_usage,
+    remove_tags_from_reference,
+)
+from app.assets.services.schemas import AddTagsResult, RemoveTagsResult, TagUsage
+from app.database.db import create_session
+
+
+def apply_tags(
+    reference_id: str,
+    tags: list[str],
+    origin: str = "manual",
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> AddTagsResult:
+    with create_session() as session:
+        ref_row = get_reference_by_id(session, reference_id=reference_id)
+        if not ref_row:
+            raise ValueError(f"AssetReference {reference_id} not found")
+        if ref_row.owner_id and ref_row.owner_id != owner_id:
+            raise PermissionError("not owner")
+
+        data = add_tags_to_reference(
+            session,
+            reference_id=reference_id,
+            tags=tags,
+            origin=origin,
+            create_if_missing=True,
+            reference_row=ref_row,
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+    return AddTagsResult(
+        added=data["added"],
+        already_present=data["already_present"],
+        total_tags=data["total_tags"],
+    )
+
+
+def remove_tags(
+    reference_id: str,
+    tags: list[str],
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> RemoveTagsResult:
+    with create_session() as session:
+        ref_row = get_reference_by_id(session, reference_id=reference_id)
+        if not ref_row:
+            raise ValueError(f"AssetReference {reference_id} not found")
+        if ref_row.owner_id and ref_row.owner_id != owner_id:
+            raise PermissionError("not owner")
+
+        data = remove_tags_from_reference(
+            session,
+            reference_id=reference_id,
+            tags=tags,
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+    return RemoveTagsResult(
+        removed=data["removed"],
+        not_present=data["not_present"],
+        total_tags=data["total_tags"],
+    )
+
+
+def list_tags(
+    prefix: str | None = None,
+    limit: int = 100,
+    offset: int = 0,
+    order: str = "count_desc",
+    include_zero: bool = True,
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> tuple[list[TagUsage], int]:
+    limit = max(1, min(1000, limit))
+    offset = max(0, offset)
+
+    with create_session() as session:
+        rows, total = list_tags_with_usage(
+            session,
+            prefix=prefix,
+            limit=limit,
+            offset=offset,
+            include_zero=include_zero,
+            order=order,
+            owner_id=owner_id,
+        )
+
+    return [TagUsage(name, tag_type, count) for name, tag_type, count in rows], total

app/database/db.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ try:
     from alembic.config import Config
     from alembic.runtime.migration import MigrationContext
     from alembic.script import ScriptDirectory
-    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
     from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
 
     _DB_AVAILABLE = True
@@ -75,6 +75,13 @@ def init_db():
 
     # Check if we need to upgrade
     engine = create_engine(db_url)
+
+    # Enable foreign key enforcement for SQLite
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "connect")
+    def set_sqlite_pragma(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")
+        cursor.close()
     conn = engine.connect()
 
     context = MigrationContext.configure(conn)

main.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import folder_paths
 import time
 from comfy.cli_args import args, enables_dynamic_vram
 from app.logger import setup_logger
-from app.assets.scanner import seed_assets
+from app.assets.seeder import asset_seeder
 import itertools
 import utils.extra_config
 import logging
@@ -258,7 +258,11 @@ def prompt_worker(q, server_instance):
             for k in sensitive:
                 extra_data[k] = sensitive[k]
 
+            asset_seeder.pause()
+
             e.execute(item[2], prompt_id, extra_data, item[4])
+
+            asset_seeder.resume()
             need_gc = True
 
             remove_sensitive = lambda prompt: prompt[:5] + prompt[6:]
@@ -355,8 +359,10 @@ def setup_database():
         from app.database.db import init_db, dependencies_available
         if dependencies_available():
             init_db()
-            if not args.disable_assets_autoscan:
-                seed_assets(["models"], enable_logging=True)
+            if args.disable_assets_autoscan:
+                asset_seeder.disable()
+            elif asset_seeder.start(roots=("models", "input", "output"), prune_first=True, compute_hashes=True):
+                logging.info("Background asset scan initiated for models, input, output")
     except Exception as e:
         logging.error(f"Failed to initialize database. Please ensure you have installed the latest requirements. If the error persists, please report this as in future the database will be required: {e}")
 
@@ -440,5 +446,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         event_loop.run_until_complete(x)
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
         logging.info("\nStopped server")
-
-    cleanup_temp()
+    finally:
+        asset_seeder.shutdown()
+        cleanup_temp()

requirements.txt

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ av>=14.2.0
 comfy-kitchen>=0.2.7
 comfy-aimdo>=0.2.0
 requests
+blake3
 
 #non essential dependencies:
 kornia>=0.7.1

server.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ import node_helpers
 from comfyui_version import __version__
 from app.frontend_management import FrontendManager, parse_version
 from comfy_api.internal import _ComfyNodeInternal
-from app.assets.scanner import seed_assets
+from app.assets.seeder import asset_seeder
 from app.assets.api.routes import register_assets_system
 
 from app.user_manager import UserManager
@@ -697,10 +697,7 @@ class PromptServer():
 
         @routes.get("/object_info")
         async def get_object_info(request):
-            try:
-                seed_assets(["models"])
-            except Exception as e:
-                logging.error(f"Failed to seed assets: {e}")
+            asset_seeder.start(roots=("models", "input", "output"))
             with folder_paths.cache_helper:
                 out = {}
                 for x in nodes.NODE_CLASS_MAPPINGS:

tests-unit/assets_test/conftest.py

@@ -259,13 +259,3 @@ def autoclean_unit_test_assets(http: requests.Session, api_base: str):
         for aid in ids:
             with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
                 http.delete(f"{api_base}/api/assets/{aid}", timeout=30)
-
-
-def trigger_sync_seed_assets(session: requests.Session, base_url: str) -> None:
-    """Force a fast sync/seed pass by calling the seed endpoint."""
-    session.post(base_url + "/api/assets/seed", json={"roots": ["models", "input", "output"]}, timeout=30)
-    time.sleep(0.2)
-
-
-def get_asset_filename(asset_hash: str, extension: str) -> str:
-    return asset_hash.removeprefix("blake3:") + extension

tests-unit/assets_test/helpers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+"""Helper functions for assets integration tests."""
+import time
+
+import requests
+
+
+def trigger_sync_seed_assets(session: requests.Session, base_url: str) -> None:
+    """Force a synchronous sync/seed pass by calling the seed endpoint with wait=true.
+
+    Retries on 409 (already running) until the previous scan finishes.
+    """
+    deadline = time.monotonic() + 60
+    while True:
+        r = session.post(
+            base_url + "/api/assets/seed?wait=true",
+            json={"roots": ["models", "input", "output"]},
+            timeout=60,
+        )
+        if r.status_code != 409:
+            assert r.status_code == 200, f"seed endpoint returned {r.status_code}: {r.text}"
+            return
+        if time.monotonic() > deadline:
+            raise TimeoutError("seed endpoint stuck in 409 (already running)")
+        time.sleep(0.25)
+
+
+def get_asset_filename(asset_hash: str, extension: str) -> str:
+    return asset_hash.removeprefix("blake3:") + extension

tests-unit/assets_test/queries/conftest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.assets.database.models import Base
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def session():
+    """In-memory SQLite session for fast unit tests."""
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///:memory:")
+    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
+    with Session(engine) as sess:
+        yield sess
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def autoclean_unit_test_assets():
+    """Override parent autouse fixture - query tests don't need server cleanup."""
+    yield

tests-unit/assets_test/queries/test_asset.py

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+import uuid
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.assets.database.models import Asset
+from app.assets.database.queries import (
+    asset_exists_by_hash,
+    get_asset_by_hash,
+    upsert_asset,
+    bulk_insert_assets,
+)
+
+
+class TestAssetExistsByHash:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "setup_hash,query_hash,expected",
+        [
+            (None, "nonexistent", False),  # No asset exists
+            ("blake3:abc123", "blake3:abc123", True),  # Asset exists with matching hash
+            (None, "", False),  # Null hash in DB doesn't match empty string
+        ],
+        ids=["nonexistent", "existing", "null_hash_no_match"],
+    )
+    def test_exists_by_hash(self, session: Session, setup_hash, query_hash, expected):
+        if setup_hash is not None or setup_hash is None:
+            # Create asset with given hash (including None for null hash test)
+            if setup_hash is not None or query_hash == "":
+                asset = Asset(hash=setup_hash, size_bytes=100)
+                session.add(asset)
+                session.commit()
+
+        assert asset_exists_by_hash(session, asset_hash=query_hash) is expected
+
+
+class TestGetAssetByHash:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "setup_hash,query_hash,should_find",
+        [
+            (None, "nonexistent", False),
+            ("blake3:def456", "blake3:def456", True),
+        ],
+        ids=["nonexistent", "existing"],
+    )
+    def test_get_by_hash(self, session: Session, setup_hash, query_hash, should_find):
+        if setup_hash is not None:
+            asset = Asset(hash=setup_hash, size_bytes=200, mime_type="image/png")
+            session.add(asset)
+            session.commit()
+
+        result = get_asset_by_hash(session, asset_hash=query_hash)
+        if should_find:
+            assert result is not None
+            assert result.size_bytes == 200
+            assert result.mime_type == "image/png"
+        else:
+            assert result is None
+
+
+class TestUpsertAsset:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "first_size,first_mime,second_size,second_mime,expect_created,expect_updated,final_size,final_mime",
+        [
+            # New asset creation
+            (None, None, 1024, "application/octet-stream", True, False, 1024, "application/octet-stream"),
+            # Existing asset, same values - no update
+            (500, "text/plain", 500, "text/plain", False, False, 500, "text/plain"),
+            # Existing asset with size 0, update with new values
+            (0, None, 2048, "image/png", False, True, 2048, "image/png"),
+            # Existing asset, second call with size 0 - no update
+            (1000, None, 0, None, False, False, 1000, None),
+        ],
+        ids=["new_asset", "existing_no_change", "update_from_zero", "zero_size_no_update"],
+    )
+    def test_upsert_scenarios(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        first_size,
+        first_mime,
+        second_size,
+        second_mime,
+        expect_created,
+        expect_updated,
+        final_size,
+        final_mime,
+    ):
+        asset_hash = f"blake3:test_{first_size}_{second_size}"
+
+        # First upsert (if first_size is not None, we're testing the second call)
+        if first_size is not None:
+            upsert_asset(
+                session,
+                asset_hash=asset_hash,
+                size_bytes=first_size,
+                mime_type=first_mime,
+            )
+            session.commit()
+
+        # The upsert call we're testing
+        asset, created, updated = upsert_asset(
+            session,
+            asset_hash=asset_hash,
+            size_bytes=second_size,
+            mime_type=second_mime,
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert created is expect_created
+        assert updated is expect_updated
+        assert asset.size_bytes == final_size
+        assert asset.mime_type == final_mime
+
+
+class TestBulkInsertAssets:
+    def test_inserts_multiple_assets(self, session: Session):
+        rows = [
+            {"id": str(uuid.uuid4()), "hash": "blake3:bulk1", "size_bytes": 100, "mime_type": "text/plain", "created_at": None},
+            {"id": str(uuid.uuid4()), "hash": "blake3:bulk2", "size_bytes": 200, "mime_type": "image/png", "created_at": None},
+            {"id": str(uuid.uuid4()), "hash": "blake3:bulk3", "size_bytes": 300, "mime_type": None, "created_at": None},
+        ]
+        bulk_insert_assets(session, rows)
+        session.commit()
+
+        assets = session.query(Asset).all()
+        assert len(assets) == 3
+        hashes = {a.hash for a in assets}
+        assert hashes == {"blake3:bulk1", "blake3:bulk2", "blake3:bulk3"}
+
+    def test_empty_list_is_noop(self, session: Session):
+        bulk_insert_assets(session, [])
+        session.commit()
+        assert session.query(Asset).count() == 0
+
+    def test_handles_large_batch(self, session: Session):
+        """Test chunking logic with more rows than MAX_BIND_PARAMS allows."""
+        rows = [
+            {"id": str(uuid.uuid4()), "hash": f"blake3:large{i}", "size_bytes": i, "mime_type": None, "created_at": None}
+            for i in range(200)
+        ]
+        bulk_insert_assets(session, rows)
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert session.query(Asset).count() == 200

tests-unit/assets_test/queries/test_asset_info.py

@@ -0,0 +1,517 @@
+import time
+import uuid
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.assets.database.models import Asset, AssetReference, AssetReferenceMeta
+from app.assets.database.queries import (
+    reference_exists_for_asset_id,
+    get_reference_by_id,
+    insert_reference,
+    get_or_create_reference,
+    update_reference_timestamps,
+    list_references_page,
+    fetch_reference_asset_and_tags,
+    fetch_reference_and_asset,
+    update_reference_access_time,
+    set_reference_metadata,
+    delete_reference_by_id,
+    set_reference_preview,
+    bulk_insert_references_ignore_conflicts,
+    get_reference_ids_by_ids,
+    ensure_tags_exist,
+    add_tags_to_reference,
+)
+from app.assets.helpers import get_utc_now
+
+
+def _make_asset(session: Session, hash_val: str | None = None, size: int = 1024) -> Asset:
+    asset = Asset(hash=hash_val, size_bytes=size, mime_type="application/octet-stream")
+    session.add(asset)
+    session.flush()
+    return asset
+
+
+def _make_reference(
+    session: Session,
+    asset: Asset,
+    name: str = "test",
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> AssetReference:
+    now = get_utc_now()
+    ref = AssetReference(
+        owner_id=owner_id,
+        name=name,
+        asset_id=asset.id,
+        created_at=now,
+        updated_at=now,
+        last_access_time=now,
+    )
+    session.add(ref)
+    session.flush()
+    return ref
+
+
+class TestReferenceExistsForAssetId:
+    def test_returns_false_when_no_reference(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        assert reference_exists_for_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset.id) is False
+
+    def test_returns_true_when_reference_exists(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset)
+        assert reference_exists_for_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset.id) is True
+
+
+class TestGetReferenceById:
+    def test_returns_none_for_nonexistent(self, session: Session):
+        assert get_reference_by_id(session, reference_id="nonexistent") is None
+
+    def test_returns_reference(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset, name="myfile.txt")
+
+        result = get_reference_by_id(session, reference_id=ref.id)
+        assert result is not None
+        assert result.name == "myfile.txt"
+
+
+class TestListReferencesPage:
+    def test_empty_db(self, session: Session):
+        refs, tag_map, total = list_references_page(session)
+        assert refs == []
+        assert tag_map == {}
+        assert total == 0
+
+    def test_returns_references_with_tags(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset, name="test.bin")
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["alpha", "beta"])
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["alpha", "beta"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        refs, tag_map, total = list_references_page(session)
+        assert len(refs) == 1
+        assert refs[0].id == ref.id
+        assert set(tag_map[ref.id]) == {"alpha", "beta"}
+        assert total == 1
+
+    def test_name_contains_filter(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, name="model_v1.safetensors")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, name="config.json")
+        session.commit()
+
+        refs, _, total = list_references_page(session, name_contains="model")
+        assert total == 1
+        assert refs[0].name == "model_v1.safetensors"
+
+    def test_owner_visibility(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, name="public", owner_id="")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, name="private", owner_id="user1")
+        session.commit()
+
+        # Empty owner sees only public
+        refs, _, total = list_references_page(session, owner_id="")
+        assert total == 1
+        assert refs[0].name == "public"
+
+        # Owner sees both
+        refs, _, total = list_references_page(session, owner_id="user1")
+        assert total == 2
+
+    def test_include_tags_filter(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref1 = _make_reference(session, asset, name="tagged")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, name="untagged")
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["wanted"])
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref1.id, tags=["wanted"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        refs, _, total = list_references_page(session, include_tags=["wanted"])
+        assert total == 1
+        assert refs[0].name == "tagged"
+
+    def test_exclude_tags_filter(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, name="keep")
+        ref_exclude = _make_reference(session, asset, name="exclude")
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["bad"])
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref_exclude.id, tags=["bad"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        refs, _, total = list_references_page(session, exclude_tags=["bad"])
+        assert total == 1
+        assert refs[0].name == "keep"
+
+    def test_sorting(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1", size=100)
+        asset2 = _make_asset(session, "hash2", size=500)
+        _make_reference(session, asset, name="small")
+        _make_reference(session, asset2, name="large")
+        session.commit()
+
+        refs, _, _ = list_references_page(session, sort="size", order="desc")
+        assert refs[0].name == "large"
+
+        refs, _, _ = list_references_page(session, sort="name", order="asc")
+        assert refs[0].name == "large"
+
+
+class TestFetchReferenceAssetAndTags:
+    def test_returns_none_for_nonexistent(self, session: Session):
+        result = fetch_reference_asset_and_tags(session, "nonexistent")
+        assert result is None
+
+    def test_returns_tuple(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset, name="test.bin")
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["tag1"])
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["tag1"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = fetch_reference_asset_and_tags(session, ref.id)
+        assert result is not None
+        ret_ref, ret_asset, ret_tags = result
+        assert ret_ref.id == ref.id
+        assert ret_asset.id == asset.id
+        assert ret_tags == ["tag1"]
+
+
+class TestFetchReferenceAndAsset:
+    def test_returns_none_for_nonexistent(self, session: Session):
+        result = fetch_reference_and_asset(session, reference_id="nonexistent")
+        assert result is None
+
+    def test_returns_tuple(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = fetch_reference_and_asset(session, reference_id=ref.id)
+        assert result is not None
+        ret_ref, ret_asset = result
+        assert ret_ref.id == ref.id
+        assert ret_asset.id == asset.id
+
+
+class TestUpdateReferenceAccessTime:
+    def test_updates_last_access_time(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        original_time = ref.last_access_time
+        session.commit()
+
+        import time
+        time.sleep(0.01)
+
+        update_reference_access_time(session, reference_id=ref.id)
+        session.commit()
+
+        session.refresh(ref)
+        assert ref.last_access_time > original_time
+
+
+class TestDeleteReferenceById:
+    def test_deletes_existing(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = delete_reference_by_id(session, reference_id=ref.id, owner_id="")
+        assert result is True
+        assert get_reference_by_id(session, reference_id=ref.id) is None
+
+    def test_returns_false_for_nonexistent(self, session: Session):
+        result = delete_reference_by_id(session, reference_id="nonexistent", owner_id="")
+        assert result is False
+
+    def test_respects_owner_visibility(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset, owner_id="user1")
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = delete_reference_by_id(session, reference_id=ref.id, owner_id="user2")
+        assert result is False
+        assert get_reference_by_id(session, reference_id=ref.id) is not None
+
+
+class TestSetReferencePreview:
+    def test_sets_preview(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        preview_asset = _make_asset(session, "preview_hash")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        session.commit()
+
+        set_reference_preview(session, reference_id=ref.id, preview_asset_id=preview_asset.id)
+        session.commit()
+
+        session.refresh(ref)
+        assert ref.preview_id == preview_asset.id
+
+    def test_clears_preview(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        preview_asset = _make_asset(session, "preview_hash")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        ref.preview_id = preview_asset.id
+        session.commit()
+
+        set_reference_preview(session, reference_id=ref.id, preview_asset_id=None)
+        session.commit()
+
+        session.refresh(ref)
+        assert ref.preview_id is None
+
+    def test_raises_for_nonexistent_reference(self, session: Session):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="not found"):
+            set_reference_preview(session, reference_id="nonexistent", preview_asset_id=None)
+
+    def test_raises_for_nonexistent_preview(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        session.commit()
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Preview Asset"):
+            set_reference_preview(session, reference_id=ref.id, preview_asset_id="nonexistent")
+
+
+class TestInsertReference:
+    def test_creates_new_reference(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = insert_reference(
+            session, asset_id=asset.id, owner_id="user1", name="test.bin"
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert ref is not None
+        assert ref.name == "test.bin"
+        assert ref.owner_id == "user1"
+
+    def test_allows_duplicate_names(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref1 = insert_reference(session, asset_id=asset.id, owner_id="user1", name="dup.bin")
+        session.commit()
+
+        # Duplicate names are now allowed
+        ref2 = insert_reference(
+            session, asset_id=asset.id, owner_id="user1", name="dup.bin"
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert ref1 is not None
+        assert ref2 is not None
+        assert ref1.id != ref2.id
+
+
+class TestGetOrCreateReference:
+    def test_creates_new_reference(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref, created = get_or_create_reference(
+            session, asset_id=asset.id, owner_id="user1", name="new.bin"
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert created is True
+        assert ref.name == "new.bin"
+
+    def test_always_creates_new_reference(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref1, created1 = get_or_create_reference(
+            session, asset_id=asset.id, owner_id="user1", name="existing.bin"
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        # Duplicate names are allowed, so always creates new
+        ref2, created2 = get_or_create_reference(
+            session, asset_id=asset.id, owner_id="user1", name="existing.bin"
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert created1 is True
+        assert created2 is True
+        assert ref1.id != ref2.id
+
+
+class TestUpdateReferenceTimestamps:
+    def test_updates_timestamps(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        original_updated_at = ref.updated_at
+        session.commit()
+
+        time.sleep(0.01)
+        update_reference_timestamps(session, ref)
+        session.commit()
+
+        session.refresh(ref)
+        assert ref.updated_at > original_updated_at
+
+    def test_updates_preview_id(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        preview_asset = _make_asset(session, "preview_hash")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        session.commit()
+
+        update_reference_timestamps(session, ref, preview_id=preview_asset.id)
+        session.commit()
+
+        session.refresh(ref)
+        assert ref.preview_id == preview_asset.id
+
+
+class TestSetReferenceMetadata:
+    def test_sets_metadata(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        session.commit()
+
+        set_reference_metadata(
+            session, reference_id=ref.id, user_metadata={"key": "value"}
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        session.refresh(ref)
+        assert ref.user_metadata == {"key": "value"}
+        # Check metadata table
+        meta = session.query(AssetReferenceMeta).filter_by(asset_reference_id=ref.id).all()
+        assert len(meta) == 1
+        assert meta[0].key == "key"
+        assert meta[0].val_str == "value"
+
+    def test_replaces_existing_metadata(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        session.commit()
+
+        set_reference_metadata(
+            session, reference_id=ref.id, user_metadata={"old": "data"}
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        set_reference_metadata(
+            session, reference_id=ref.id, user_metadata={"new": "data"}
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        meta = session.query(AssetReferenceMeta).filter_by(asset_reference_id=ref.id).all()
+        assert len(meta) == 1
+        assert meta[0].key == "new"
+
+    def test_clears_metadata_with_empty_dict(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        session.commit()
+
+        set_reference_metadata(
+            session, reference_id=ref.id, user_metadata={"key": "value"}
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        set_reference_metadata(
+            session, reference_id=ref.id, user_metadata={}
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        session.refresh(ref)
+        assert ref.user_metadata == {}
+        meta = session.query(AssetReferenceMeta).filter_by(asset_reference_id=ref.id).all()
+        assert len(meta) == 0
+
+    def test_raises_for_nonexistent(self, session: Session):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="not found"):
+            set_reference_metadata(
+                session, reference_id="nonexistent", user_metadata={"key": "value"}
+            )
+
+
+class TestBulkInsertReferencesIgnoreConflicts:
+    def test_inserts_multiple_references(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        now = get_utc_now()
+        rows = [
+            {
+                "id": str(uuid.uuid4()),
+                "owner_id": "",
+                "name": "bulk1.bin",
+                "asset_id": asset.id,
+                "preview_id": None,
+                "user_metadata": {},
+                "created_at": now,
+                "updated_at": now,
+                "last_access_time": now,
+            },
+            {
+                "id": str(uuid.uuid4()),
+                "owner_id": "",
+                "name": "bulk2.bin",
+                "asset_id": asset.id,
+                "preview_id": None,
+                "user_metadata": {},
+                "created_at": now,
+                "updated_at": now,
+                "last_access_time": now,
+            },
+        ]
+        bulk_insert_references_ignore_conflicts(session, rows)
+        session.commit()
+
+        refs = session.query(AssetReference).all()
+        assert len(refs) == 2
+
+    def test_allows_duplicate_names(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, name="existing.bin", owner_id="")
+        session.commit()
+
+        now = get_utc_now()
+        rows = [
+            {
+                "id": str(uuid.uuid4()),
+                "owner_id": "",
+                "name": "existing.bin",
+                "asset_id": asset.id,
+                "preview_id": None,
+                "user_metadata": {},
+                "created_at": now,
+                "updated_at": now,
+                "last_access_time": now,
+            },
+            {
+                "id": str(uuid.uuid4()),
+                "owner_id": "",
+                "name": "new.bin",
+                "asset_id": asset.id,
+                "preview_id": None,
+                "user_metadata": {},
+                "created_at": now,
+                "updated_at": now,
+                "last_access_time": now,
+            },
+        ]
+        bulk_insert_references_ignore_conflicts(session, rows)
+        session.commit()
+
+        # Duplicate names allowed, so all 3 rows exist
+        refs = session.query(AssetReference).all()
+        assert len(refs) == 3
+
+    def test_empty_list_is_noop(self, session: Session):
+        bulk_insert_references_ignore_conflicts(session, [])
+        assert session.query(AssetReference).count() == 0
+
+
+class TestGetReferenceIdsByIds:
+    def test_returns_existing_ids(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref1 = _make_reference(session, asset, name="a.bin")
+        ref2 = _make_reference(session, asset, name="b.bin")
+        session.commit()
+
+        found = get_reference_ids_by_ids(session, [ref1.id, ref2.id, "nonexistent"])
+
+        assert found == {ref1.id, ref2.id}
+
+    def test_empty_list_returns_empty(self, session: Session):
+        found = get_reference_ids_by_ids(session, [])
+        assert found == set()

tests-unit/assets_test/queries/test_cache_state.py

@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+"""Tests for cache_state (AssetReference file path) query functions."""
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.assets.database.models import Asset, AssetReference
+from app.assets.database.queries import (
+    list_references_by_asset_id,
+    upsert_reference,
+    get_unreferenced_unhashed_asset_ids,
+    delete_assets_by_ids,
+    get_references_for_prefixes,
+    bulk_update_needs_verify,
+    delete_references_by_ids,
+    delete_orphaned_seed_asset,
+    bulk_insert_references_ignore_conflicts,
+    get_references_by_paths_and_asset_ids,
+    mark_references_missing_outside_prefixes,
+    restore_references_by_paths,
+)
+from app.assets.helpers import select_best_live_path, get_utc_now
+
+
+def _make_asset(session: Session, hash_val: str | None = None, size: int = 1024) -> Asset:
+    asset = Asset(hash=hash_val, size_bytes=size)
+    session.add(asset)
+    session.flush()
+    return asset
+
+
+def _make_reference(
+    session: Session,
+    asset: Asset,
+    file_path: str,
+    name: str = "test",
+    mtime_ns: int | None = None,
+    needs_verify: bool = False,
+) -> AssetReference:
+    now = get_utc_now()
+    ref = AssetReference(
+        asset_id=asset.id,
+        file_path=file_path,
+        name=name,
+        mtime_ns=mtime_ns,
+        needs_verify=needs_verify,
+        created_at=now,
+        updated_at=now,
+        last_access_time=now,
+    )
+    session.add(ref)
+    session.flush()
+    return ref
+
+
+class TestListReferencesByAssetId:
+    def test_returns_empty_for_no_references(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        refs = list_references_by_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset.id)
+        assert list(refs) == []
+
+    def test_returns_references_for_asset(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "/path/a.bin", name="a")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "/path/b.bin", name="b")
+        session.commit()
+
+        refs = list_references_by_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset.id)
+        paths = [r.file_path for r in refs]
+        assert set(paths) == {"/path/a.bin", "/path/b.bin"}
+
+    def test_does_not_return_other_assets_references(self, session: Session):
+        asset1 = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        asset2 = _make_asset(session, "hash2")
+        _make_reference(session, asset1, "/path/asset1.bin", name="a1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset2, "/path/asset2.bin", name="a2")
+        session.commit()
+
+        refs = list_references_by_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset1.id)
+        paths = [r.file_path for r in refs]
+        assert paths == ["/path/asset1.bin"]
+
+
+class TestSelectBestLivePath:
+    def test_returns_empty_for_empty_list(self):
+        result = select_best_live_path([])
+        assert result == ""
+
+    def test_returns_empty_when_no_files_exist(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset, "/nonexistent/path.bin")
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = select_best_live_path([ref])
+        assert result == ""
+
+    def test_prefers_verified_path(self, session: Session, tmp_path):
+        """needs_verify=False should be preferred."""
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+
+        verified_file = tmp_path / "verified.bin"
+        verified_file.write_bytes(b"data")
+
+        unverified_file = tmp_path / "unverified.bin"
+        unverified_file.write_bytes(b"data")
+
+        ref_verified = _make_reference(
+            session, asset, str(verified_file), name="verified", needs_verify=False
+        )
+        ref_unverified = _make_reference(
+            session, asset, str(unverified_file), name="unverified", needs_verify=True
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        refs = [ref_unverified, ref_verified]
+        result = select_best_live_path(refs)
+        assert result == str(verified_file)
+
+    def test_falls_back_to_existing_unverified(self, session: Session, tmp_path):
+        """If all references need verification, return first existing path."""
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+
+        existing_file = tmp_path / "exists.bin"
+        existing_file.write_bytes(b"data")
+
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset, str(existing_file), needs_verify=True)
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = select_best_live_path([ref])
+        assert result == str(existing_file)
+
+
+class TestSelectBestLivePathWithMocking:
+    def test_handles_missing_file_path_attr(self):
+        """Gracefully handle references with None file_path."""
+
+        class MockRef:
+            file_path = None
+            needs_verify = False
+
+        result = select_best_live_path([MockRef()])
+        assert result == ""
+
+
+class TestUpsertReference:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "initial_mtime,second_mtime,expect_created,expect_updated,final_mtime",
+        [
+            # New reference creation
+            (None, 12345, True, False, 12345),
+            # Existing reference, same mtime - no update
+            (100, 100, False, False, 100),
+            # Existing reference, different mtime - update
+            (100, 200, False, True, 200),
+        ],
+        ids=["new_reference", "existing_no_change", "existing_update_mtime"],
+    )
+    def test_upsert_scenarios(
+        self, session: Session, initial_mtime, second_mtime, expect_created, expect_updated, final_mtime
+    ):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        file_path = f"/path_{initial_mtime}_{second_mtime}.bin"
+        name = f"file_{initial_mtime}_{second_mtime}"
+
+        # Create initial reference if needed
+        if initial_mtime is not None:
+            upsert_reference(session, asset_id=asset.id, file_path=file_path, name=name, mtime_ns=initial_mtime)
+            session.commit()
+
+        # The upsert call we're testing
+        created, updated = upsert_reference(
+            session, asset_id=asset.id, file_path=file_path, name=name, mtime_ns=second_mtime
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert created is expect_created
+        assert updated is expect_updated
+        ref = session.query(AssetReference).filter_by(file_path=file_path).one()
+        assert ref.mtime_ns == final_mtime
+
+    def test_upsert_restores_missing_reference(self, session: Session):
+        """Upserting a reference that was marked missing should restore it."""
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        file_path = "/restored/file.bin"
+
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset, file_path, mtime_ns=100)
+        ref.is_missing = True
+        session.commit()
+
+        created, updated = upsert_reference(
+            session, asset_id=asset.id, file_path=file_path, name="restored", mtime_ns=100
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert created is False
+        assert updated is True
+        restored_ref = session.query(AssetReference).filter_by(file_path=file_path).one()
+        assert restored_ref.is_missing is False
+
+
+class TestRestoreReferencesByPaths:
+    def test_restores_missing_references(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        missing_path = "/missing/file.bin"
+        active_path = "/active/file.bin"
+
+        missing_ref = _make_reference(session, asset, missing_path, name="missing")
+        missing_ref.is_missing = True
+        _make_reference(session, asset, active_path, name="active")
+        session.commit()
+
+        restored = restore_references_by_paths(session, [missing_path])
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert restored == 1
+        ref = session.query(AssetReference).filter_by(file_path=missing_path).one()
+        assert ref.is_missing is False
+
+    def test_empty_list_restores_nothing(self, session: Session):
+        restored = restore_references_by_paths(session, [])
+        assert restored == 0
+
+
+class TestMarkReferencesMissingOutsidePrefixes:
+    def test_marks_references_missing_outside_prefixes(self, session: Session, tmp_path):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        valid_dir = tmp_path / "valid"
+        valid_dir.mkdir()
+        invalid_dir = tmp_path / "invalid"
+        invalid_dir.mkdir()
+
+        valid_path = str(valid_dir / "file.bin")
+        invalid_path = str(invalid_dir / "file.bin")
+
+        _make_reference(session, asset, valid_path, name="valid")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, invalid_path, name="invalid")
+        session.commit()
+
+        marked = mark_references_missing_outside_prefixes(session, [str(valid_dir)])
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert marked == 1
+        all_refs = session.query(AssetReference).all()
+        assert len(all_refs) == 2
+
+        valid_ref = next(r for r in all_refs if r.file_path == valid_path)
+        invalid_ref = next(r for r in all_refs if r.file_path == invalid_path)
+        assert valid_ref.is_missing is False
+        assert invalid_ref.is_missing is True
+
+    def test_empty_prefixes_marks_nothing(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "/some/path.bin")
+        session.commit()
+
+        marked = mark_references_missing_outside_prefixes(session, [])
+
+        assert marked == 0
+
+
+class TestGetUnreferencedUnhashedAssetIds:
+    def test_returns_unreferenced_unhashed_assets(self, session: Session):
+        # Unhashed asset (hash=None) with no references (no file_path)
+        no_refs = _make_asset(session, hash_val=None)
+        # Unhashed asset with active reference (not unreferenced)
+        with_active_ref = _make_asset(session, hash_val=None)
+        _make_reference(session, with_active_ref, "/has/ref.bin", name="has_ref")
+        # Unhashed asset with only missing reference (should be unreferenced)
+        with_missing_ref = _make_asset(session, hash_val=None)
+        missing_ref = _make_reference(session, with_missing_ref, "/missing/ref.bin", name="missing_ref")
+        missing_ref.is_missing = True
+        # Regular asset (hash not None) - should not be returned
+        _make_asset(session, hash_val="blake3:regular")
+        session.commit()
+
+        unreferenced = get_unreferenced_unhashed_asset_ids(session)
+
+        assert no_refs.id in unreferenced
+        assert with_missing_ref.id in unreferenced
+        assert with_active_ref.id not in unreferenced
+
+
+class TestDeleteAssetsByIds:
+    def test_deletes_assets_and_references(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "/test/path.bin", name="test")
+        session.commit()
+
+        deleted = delete_assets_by_ids(session, [asset.id])
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert deleted == 1
+        assert session.query(Asset).count() == 0
+        assert session.query(AssetReference).count() == 0
+
+    def test_empty_list_deletes_nothing(self, session: Session):
+        _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        session.commit()
+
+        deleted = delete_assets_by_ids(session, [])
+
+        assert deleted == 0
+        assert session.query(Asset).count() == 1
+
+
+class TestGetReferencesForPrefixes:
+    def test_returns_references_matching_prefix(self, session: Session, tmp_path):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        dir1 = tmp_path / "dir1"
+        dir1.mkdir()
+        dir2 = tmp_path / "dir2"
+        dir2.mkdir()
+
+        path1 = str(dir1 / "file.bin")
+        path2 = str(dir2 / "file.bin")
+
+        _make_reference(session, asset, path1, name="file1", mtime_ns=100)
+        _make_reference(session, asset, path2, name="file2", mtime_ns=200)
+        session.commit()
+
+        rows = get_references_for_prefixes(session, [str(dir1)])
+
+        assert len(rows) == 1
+        assert rows[0].file_path == path1
+
+    def test_empty_prefixes_returns_empty(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "/some/path.bin")
+        session.commit()
+
+        rows = get_references_for_prefixes(session, [])
+
+        assert rows == []
+
+
+class TestBulkSetNeedsVerify:
+    def test_sets_needs_verify_flag(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref1 = _make_reference(session, asset, "/path1.bin", needs_verify=False)
+        ref2 = _make_reference(session, asset, "/path2.bin", needs_verify=False)
+        session.commit()
+
+        updated = bulk_update_needs_verify(session, [ref1.id, ref2.id], True)
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert updated == 2
+        session.refresh(ref1)
+        session.refresh(ref2)
+        assert ref1.needs_verify is True
+        assert ref2.needs_verify is True
+
+    def test_empty_list_updates_nothing(self, session: Session):
+        updated = bulk_update_needs_verify(session, [], True)
+        assert updated == 0
+
+
+class TestDeleteReferencesByIds:
+    def test_deletes_references_by_id(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref1 = _make_reference(session, asset, "/path1.bin")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "/path2.bin")
+        session.commit()
+
+        deleted = delete_references_by_ids(session, [ref1.id])
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert deleted == 1
+        assert session.query(AssetReference).count() == 1
+
+    def test_empty_list_deletes_nothing(self, session: Session):
+        deleted = delete_references_by_ids(session, [])
+        assert deleted == 0
+
+
+class TestDeleteOrphanedSeedAsset:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "create_asset,expected_deleted,expected_count",
+        [
+            (True, True, 0),   # Existing asset gets deleted
+            (False, False, 0),  # Nonexistent returns False
+        ],
+        ids=["deletes_existing", "nonexistent_returns_false"],
+    )
+    def test_delete_orphaned_seed_asset(
+        self, session: Session, create_asset, expected_deleted, expected_count
+    ):
+        asset_id = "nonexistent-id"
+        if create_asset:
+            asset = _make_asset(session, hash_val=None)
+            asset_id = asset.id
+            _make_reference(session, asset, "/test/path.bin", name="test")
+            session.commit()
+
+        deleted = delete_orphaned_seed_asset(session, asset_id)
+        if create_asset:
+            session.commit()
+
+        assert deleted is expected_deleted
+        assert session.query(Asset).count() == expected_count
+
+
+class TestBulkInsertReferencesIgnoreConflicts:
+    def test_inserts_multiple_references(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        now = get_utc_now()
+        rows = [
+            {
+                "asset_id": asset.id,
+                "file_path": "/bulk1.bin",
+                "name": "bulk1",
+                "mtime_ns": 100,
+                "created_at": now,
+                "updated_at": now,
+                "last_access_time": now,
+            },
+            {
+                "asset_id": asset.id,
+                "file_path": "/bulk2.bin",
+                "name": "bulk2",
+                "mtime_ns": 200,
+                "created_at": now,
+                "updated_at": now,
+                "last_access_time": now,
+            },
+        ]
+        bulk_insert_references_ignore_conflicts(session, rows)
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert session.query(AssetReference).count() == 2
+
+    def test_ignores_conflicts(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "/existing.bin", mtime_ns=100)
+        session.commit()
+
+        now = get_utc_now()
+        rows = [
+            {
+                "asset_id": asset.id,
+                "file_path": "/existing.bin",
+                "name": "existing",
+                "mtime_ns": 999,
+                "created_at": now,
+                "updated_at": now,
+                "last_access_time": now,
+            },
+            {
+                "asset_id": asset.id,
+                "file_path": "/new.bin",
+                "name": "new",
+                "mtime_ns": 200,
+                "created_at": now,
+                "updated_at": now,
+                "last_access_time": now,
+            },
+        ]
+        bulk_insert_references_ignore_conflicts(session, rows)
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert session.query(AssetReference).count() == 2
+        existing = session.query(AssetReference).filter_by(file_path="/existing.bin").one()
+        assert existing.mtime_ns == 100  # Original value preserved
+
+    def test_empty_list_is_noop(self, session: Session):
+        bulk_insert_references_ignore_conflicts(session, [])
+        assert session.query(AssetReference).count() == 0
+
+
+class TestGetReferencesByPathsAndAssetIds:
+    def test_returns_matching_paths(self, session: Session):
+        asset1 = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        asset2 = _make_asset(session, "hash2")
+
+        _make_reference(session, asset1, "/path1.bin")
+        _make_reference(session, asset2, "/path2.bin")
+        session.commit()
+
+        path_to_asset = {
+            "/path1.bin": asset1.id,
+            "/path2.bin": asset2.id,
+        }
+        winners = get_references_by_paths_and_asset_ids(session, path_to_asset)
+
+        assert winners == {"/path1.bin", "/path2.bin"}
+
+    def test_excludes_non_matching_asset_ids(self, session: Session):
+        asset1 = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        asset2 = _make_asset(session, "hash2")
+
+        _make_reference(session, asset1, "/path1.bin")
+        session.commit()
+
+        # Path exists but with different asset_id
+        path_to_asset = {"/path1.bin": asset2.id}
+        winners = get_references_by_paths_and_asset_ids(session, path_to_asset)
+
+        assert winners == set()
+
+    def test_empty_dict_returns_empty(self, session: Session):
+        winners = get_references_by_paths_and_asset_ids(session, {})
+        assert winners == set()

tests-unit/assets_test/queries/test_metadata.py

@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+"""Tests for metadata filtering logic in asset_reference queries."""
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.assets.database.models import Asset, AssetReference, AssetReferenceMeta
+from app.assets.database.queries import list_references_page
+from app.assets.database.queries.asset_reference import convert_metadata_to_rows
+from app.assets.helpers import get_utc_now
+
+
+def _make_asset(session: Session, hash_val: str) -> Asset:
+    asset = Asset(hash=hash_val, size_bytes=1024)
+    session.add(asset)
+    session.flush()
+    return asset
+
+
+def _make_reference(
+    session: Session,
+    asset: Asset,
+    name: str,
+    metadata: dict | None = None,
+) -> AssetReference:
+    now = get_utc_now()
+    ref = AssetReference(
+        owner_id="",
+        name=name,
+        asset_id=asset.id,
+        user_metadata=metadata,
+        created_at=now,
+        updated_at=now,
+        last_access_time=now,
+    )
+    session.add(ref)
+    session.flush()
+
+    if metadata:
+        for key, val in metadata.items():
+            for row in convert_metadata_to_rows(key, val):
+                meta_row = AssetReferenceMeta(
+                    asset_reference_id=ref.id,
+                    key=row["key"],
+                    ordinal=row.get("ordinal", 0),
+                    val_str=row.get("val_str"),
+                    val_num=row.get("val_num"),
+                    val_bool=row.get("val_bool"),
+                    val_json=row.get("val_json"),
+                )
+                session.add(meta_row)
+        session.flush()
+
+    return ref
+
+
+class TestMetadataFilterByType:
+    """Table-driven tests for metadata filtering by different value types."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "match_meta,nomatch_meta,filter_key,filter_val",
+        [
+            # String matching
+            ({"category": "models"}, {"category": "images"}, "category", "models"),
+            # Integer matching
+            ({"epoch": 5}, {"epoch": 10}, "epoch", 5),
+            # Float matching
+            ({"score": 0.95}, {"score": 0.5}, "score", 0.95),
+            # Boolean True matching
+            ({"enabled": True}, {"enabled": False}, "enabled", True),
+            # Boolean False matching
+            ({"enabled": False}, {"enabled": True}, "enabled", False),
+        ],
+        ids=["string", "int", "float", "bool_true", "bool_false"],
+    )
+    def test_filter_matches_correct_value(
+        self, session: Session, match_meta, nomatch_meta, filter_key, filter_val
+    ):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "match", match_meta)
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "nomatch", nomatch_meta)
+        session.commit()
+
+        refs, _, total = list_references_page(
+            session, metadata_filter={filter_key: filter_val}
+        )
+        assert total == 1
+        assert refs[0].name == "match"
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "stored_meta,filter_key,filter_val",
+        [
+            # String no match
+            ({"category": "models"}, "category", "other"),
+            # Int no match
+            ({"epoch": 5}, "epoch", 99),
+            # Float no match
+            ({"score": 0.5}, "score", 0.99),
+        ],
+        ids=["string_no_match", "int_no_match", "float_no_match"],
+    )
+    def test_filter_returns_empty_when_no_match(
+        self, session: Session, stored_meta, filter_key, filter_val
+    ):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "item", stored_meta)
+        session.commit()
+
+        refs, _, total = list_references_page(
+            session, metadata_filter={filter_key: filter_val}
+        )
+        assert total == 0
+
+
+class TestMetadataFilterNull:
+    """Tests for null/missing key filtering."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "match_name,match_meta,nomatch_name,nomatch_meta,filter_key",
+        [
+            # Null matches missing key
+            ("missing_key", {}, "has_key", {"optional": "value"}, "optional"),
+            # Null matches explicit null
+            ("explicit_null", {"nullable": None}, "has_value", {"nullable": "present"}, "nullable"),
+        ],
+        ids=["missing_key", "explicit_null"],
+    )
+    def test_null_filter_matches(
+        self, session: Session, match_name, match_meta, nomatch_name, nomatch_meta, filter_key
+    ):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, match_name, match_meta)
+        _make_reference(session, asset, nomatch_name, nomatch_meta)
+        session.commit()
+
+        refs, _, total = list_references_page(session, metadata_filter={filter_key: None})
+        assert total == 1
+        assert refs[0].name == match_name
+
+
+class TestMetadataFilterList:
+    """Tests for list-based (OR) filtering."""
+
+    def test_filter_by_list_matches_any(self, session: Session):
+        """List values should match ANY of the values (OR)."""
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "cat_a", {"category": "a"})
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "cat_b", {"category": "b"})
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "cat_c", {"category": "c"})
+        session.commit()
+
+        refs, _, total = list_references_page(session, metadata_filter={"category": ["a", "b"]})
+        assert total == 2
+        names = {r.name for r in refs}
+        assert names == {"cat_a", "cat_b"}
+
+
+class TestMetadataFilterMultipleKeys:
+    """Tests for multiple filter keys (AND semantics)."""
+
+    def test_multiple_keys_must_all_match(self, session: Session):
+        """Multiple keys should ALL match (AND)."""
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "match", {"type": "model", "version": 2})
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "wrong_type", {"type": "config", "version": 2})
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "wrong_version", {"type": "model", "version": 1})
+        session.commit()
+
+        refs, _, total = list_references_page(
+            session, metadata_filter={"type": "model", "version": 2}
+        )
+        assert total == 1
+        assert refs[0].name == "match"
+
+
+class TestMetadataFilterEmptyDict:
+    """Tests for empty filter behavior."""
+
+    def test_empty_filter_returns_all(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "a", {"key": "val"})
+        _make_reference(session, asset, "b", {})
+        session.commit()
+
+        refs, _, total = list_references_page(session, metadata_filter={})
+        assert total == 2

tests-unit/assets_test/queries/test_tags.py

@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.assets.database.models import Asset, AssetReference, AssetReferenceTag, AssetReferenceMeta, Tag
+from app.assets.database.queries import (
+    ensure_tags_exist,
+    get_reference_tags,
+    set_reference_tags,
+    add_tags_to_reference,
+    remove_tags_from_reference,
+    add_missing_tag_for_asset_id,
+    remove_missing_tag_for_asset_id,
+    list_tags_with_usage,
+    bulk_insert_tags_and_meta,
+)
+from app.assets.helpers import get_utc_now
+
+
+def _make_asset(session: Session, hash_val: str | None = None) -> Asset:
+    asset = Asset(hash=hash_val, size_bytes=1024)
+    session.add(asset)
+    session.flush()
+    return asset
+
+
+def _make_reference(session: Session, asset: Asset, name: str = "test", owner_id: str = "") -> AssetReference:
+    now = get_utc_now()
+    ref = AssetReference(
+        owner_id=owner_id,
+        name=name,
+        asset_id=asset.id,
+        created_at=now,
+        updated_at=now,
+        last_access_time=now,
+    )
+    session.add(ref)
+    session.flush()
+    return ref
+
+
+class TestEnsureTagsExist:
+    def test_creates_new_tags(self, session: Session):
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["alpha", "beta"], tag_type="user")
+        session.commit()
+
+        tags = session.query(Tag).all()
+        assert {t.name for t in tags} == {"alpha", "beta"}
+
+    def test_is_idempotent(self, session: Session):
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["alpha"], tag_type="user")
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["alpha"], tag_type="user")
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert session.query(Tag).count() == 1
+
+    def test_normalizes_tags(self, session: Session):
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["  ALPHA  ", "Beta", "alpha"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        tags = session.query(Tag).all()
+        assert {t.name for t in tags} == {"alpha", "beta"}
+
+    def test_empty_list_is_noop(self, session: Session):
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, [])
+        session.commit()
+        assert session.query(Tag).count() == 0
+
+    def test_tag_type_is_set(self, session: Session):
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["system-tag"], tag_type="system")
+        session.commit()
+
+        tag = session.query(Tag).filter_by(name="system-tag").one()
+        assert tag.tag_type == "system"
+
+
+class TestGetReferenceTags:
+    def test_returns_empty_for_no_tags(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+
+        tags = get_reference_tags(session, reference_id=ref.id)
+        assert tags == []
+
+    def test_returns_tags_for_reference(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["tag1", "tag2"])
+        session.add_all([
+            AssetReferenceTag(asset_reference_id=ref.id, tag_name="tag1", origin="manual", added_at=get_utc_now()),
+            AssetReferenceTag(asset_reference_id=ref.id, tag_name="tag2", origin="manual", added_at=get_utc_now()),
+        ])
+        session.flush()
+
+        tags = get_reference_tags(session, reference_id=ref.id)
+        assert set(tags) == {"tag1", "tag2"}
+
+
+class TestSetReferenceTags:
+    def test_adds_new_tags(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+
+        result = set_reference_tags(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["a", "b"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert set(result["added"]) == {"a", "b"}
+        assert result["removed"] == []
+        assert set(result["total"]) == {"a", "b"}
+
+    def test_removes_old_tags(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+
+        set_reference_tags(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["a", "b", "c"])
+        result = set_reference_tags(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["a"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert result["added"] == []
+        assert set(result["removed"]) == {"b", "c"}
+        assert result["total"] == ["a"]
+
+    def test_replaces_tags(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+
+        set_reference_tags(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["a", "b"])
+        result = set_reference_tags(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["b", "c"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert result["added"] == ["c"]
+        assert result["removed"] == ["a"]
+        assert set(result["total"]) == {"b", "c"}
+
+
+class TestAddTagsToReference:
+    def test_adds_tags(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+
+        result = add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["x", "y"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert set(result["added"]) == {"x", "y"}
+        assert result["already_present"] == []
+
+    def test_reports_already_present(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["x"])
+        result = add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["x", "y"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert result["added"] == ["y"]
+        assert result["already_present"] == ["x"]
+
+    def test_raises_for_missing_reference(self, session: Session):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="not found"):
+            add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id="nonexistent", tags=["x"])
+
+
+class TestRemoveTagsFromReference:
+    def test_removes_tags(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["a", "b", "c"])
+        result = remove_tags_from_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["a", "b"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert set(result["removed"]) == {"a", "b"}
+        assert result["not_present"] == []
+        assert result["total_tags"] == ["c"]
+
+    def test_reports_not_present(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["a"])
+        result = remove_tags_from_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["a", "x"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        assert result["removed"] == ["a"]
+        assert result["not_present"] == ["x"]
+
+    def test_raises_for_missing_reference(self, session: Session):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="not found"):
+            remove_tags_from_reference(session, reference_id="nonexistent", tags=["x"])
+
+
+class TestMissingTagFunctions:
+    def test_add_missing_tag_for_asset_id(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["missing"], tag_type="system")
+
+        add_missing_tag_for_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset.id)
+        session.commit()
+
+        tags = get_reference_tags(session, reference_id=ref.id)
+        assert "missing" in tags
+
+    def test_add_missing_tag_is_idempotent(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["missing"], tag_type="system")
+
+        add_missing_tag_for_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset.id)
+        add_missing_tag_for_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset.id)
+        session.commit()
+
+        links = session.query(AssetReferenceTag).filter_by(asset_reference_id=ref.id, tag_name="missing").all()
+        assert len(links) == 1
+
+    def test_remove_missing_tag_for_asset_id(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["missing"], tag_type="system")
+        add_missing_tag_for_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset.id)
+
+        remove_missing_tag_for_asset_id(session, asset_id=asset.id)
+        session.commit()
+
+        tags = get_reference_tags(session, reference_id=ref.id)
+        assert "missing" not in tags
+
+
+class TestListTagsWithUsage:
+    def test_returns_tags_with_counts(self, session: Session):
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["used", "unused"])
+
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["used"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        rows, total = list_tags_with_usage(session)
+
+        tag_dict = {name: count for name, _, count in rows}
+        assert tag_dict["used"] == 1
+        assert tag_dict["unused"] == 0
+        assert total == 2
+
+    def test_exclude_zero_counts(self, session: Session):
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["used", "unused"])
+
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["used"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        rows, total = list_tags_with_usage(session, include_zero=False)
+
+        tag_names = {name for name, _, _ in rows}
+        assert "used" in tag_names
+        assert "unused" not in tag_names
+
+    def test_prefix_filter(self, session: Session):
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["alpha", "beta", "alphabet"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        rows, total = list_tags_with_usage(session, prefix="alph")
+
+        tag_names = {name for name, _, _ in rows}
+        assert tag_names == {"alpha", "alphabet"}
+
+    def test_order_by_name(self, session: Session):
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["zebra", "alpha", "middle"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        rows, _ = list_tags_with_usage(session, order="name_asc")
+
+        names = [name for name, _, _ in rows]
+        assert names == ["alpha", "middle", "zebra"]
+
+    def test_owner_visibility(self, session: Session):
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["shared-tag", "owner-tag"])
+
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        shared_ref = _make_reference(session, asset, name="shared", owner_id="")
+        owner_ref = _make_reference(session, asset, name="owned", owner_id="user1")
+
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=shared_ref.id, tags=["shared-tag"])
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=owner_ref.id, tags=["owner-tag"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        # Empty owner sees only shared
+        rows, _ = list_tags_with_usage(session, owner_id="", include_zero=False)
+        tag_dict = {name: count for name, _, count in rows}
+        assert tag_dict.get("shared-tag", 0) == 1
+        assert tag_dict.get("owner-tag", 0) == 0
+
+        # User1 sees both
+        rows, _ = list_tags_with_usage(session, owner_id="user1", include_zero=False)
+        tag_dict = {name: count for name, _, count in rows}
+        assert tag_dict.get("shared-tag", 0) == 1
+        assert tag_dict.get("owner-tag", 0) == 1
+
+
+class TestBulkInsertTagsAndMeta:
+    def test_inserts_tags(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["bulk-tag1", "bulk-tag2"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        now = get_utc_now()
+        tag_rows = [
+            {"asset_reference_id": ref.id, "tag_name": "bulk-tag1", "origin": "manual", "added_at": now},
+            {"asset_reference_id": ref.id, "tag_name": "bulk-tag2", "origin": "manual", "added_at": now},
+        ]
+        bulk_insert_tags_and_meta(session, tag_rows=tag_rows, meta_rows=[])
+        session.commit()
+
+        tags = get_reference_tags(session, reference_id=ref.id)
+        assert set(tags) == {"bulk-tag1", "bulk-tag2"}
+
+    def test_inserts_meta(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        session.commit()
+
+        meta_rows = [
+            {
+                "asset_reference_id": ref.id,
+                "key": "meta-key",
+                "ordinal": 0,
+                "val_str": "meta-value",
+                "val_num": None,
+                "val_bool": None,
+                "val_json": None,
+            },
+        ]
+        bulk_insert_tags_and_meta(session, tag_rows=[], meta_rows=meta_rows)
+        session.commit()
+
+        meta = session.query(AssetReferenceMeta).filter_by(asset_reference_id=ref.id).all()
+        assert len(meta) == 1
+        assert meta[0].key == "meta-key"
+        assert meta[0].val_str == "meta-value"
+
+    def test_ignores_conflicts(self, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, "hash1")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["existing-tag"])
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["existing-tag"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        now = get_utc_now()
+        tag_rows = [
+            {"asset_reference_id": ref.id, "tag_name": "existing-tag", "origin": "duplicate", "added_at": now},
+        ]
+        bulk_insert_tags_and_meta(session, tag_rows=tag_rows, meta_rows=[])
+        session.commit()
+
+        # Should still have only one tag link
+        links = session.query(AssetReferenceTag).filter_by(asset_reference_id=ref.id, tag_name="existing-tag").all()
+        assert len(links) == 1
+        # Origin should be original, not overwritten
+        assert links[0].origin == "manual"
+
+    def test_empty_lists_is_noop(self, session: Session):
+        bulk_insert_tags_and_meta(session, tag_rows=[], meta_rows=[])
+        assert session.query(AssetReferenceTag).count() == 0
+        assert session.query(AssetReferenceMeta).count() == 0

tests-unit/assets_test/services/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Service layer tests

tests-unit/assets_test/services/conftest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import tempfile
+from pathlib import Path
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.assets.database.models import Base
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def autoclean_unit_test_assets():
+    """Override parent autouse fixture - service unit tests don't need server cleanup."""
+    yield
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def db_engine():
+    """In-memory SQLite engine for fast unit tests."""
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///:memory:")
+    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
+    return engine
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def session(db_engine):
+    """Session fixture for tests that need direct DB access."""
+    with Session(db_engine) as sess:
+        yield sess
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def mock_create_session(db_engine):
+    """Patch create_session to use our in-memory database."""
+    from contextlib import contextmanager
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Session as SASession
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _create_session():
+        with SASession(db_engine) as sess:
+            yield sess
+
+    with patch("app.assets.services.ingest.create_session", _create_session), \
+         patch("app.assets.services.asset_management.create_session", _create_session), \
+         patch("app.assets.services.tagging.create_session", _create_session):
+        yield _create_session
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def temp_dir():
+    """Temporary directory for file operations."""
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+        yield Path(tmpdir)

tests-unit/assets_test/services/test_asset_management.py

@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+"""Tests for asset_management services."""
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.assets.database.models import Asset, AssetReference
+from app.assets.database.queries import ensure_tags_exist, add_tags_to_reference
+from app.assets.helpers import get_utc_now
+from app.assets.services import (
+    get_asset_detail,
+    update_asset_metadata,
+    delete_asset_reference,
+    set_asset_preview,
+)
+
+
+def _make_asset(session: Session, hash_val: str = "blake3:test", size: int = 1024) -> Asset:
+    asset = Asset(hash=hash_val, size_bytes=size, mime_type="application/octet-stream")
+    session.add(asset)
+    session.flush()
+    return asset
+
+
+def _make_reference(
+    session: Session,
+    asset: Asset,
+    name: str = "test",
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> AssetReference:
+    now = get_utc_now()
+    ref = AssetReference(
+        owner_id=owner_id,
+        name=name,
+        asset_id=asset.id,
+        created_at=now,
+        updated_at=now,
+        last_access_time=now,
+    )
+    session.add(ref)
+    session.flush()
+    return ref
+
+
+class TestGetAssetDetail:
+    def test_returns_none_for_nonexistent(self, mock_create_session):
+        result = get_asset_detail(reference_id="nonexistent")
+        assert result is None
+
+    def test_returns_asset_with_tags(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset, name="test.bin")
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["alpha", "beta"])
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["alpha", "beta"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = get_asset_detail(reference_id=ref.id)
+
+        assert result is not None
+        assert result.ref.id == ref.id
+        assert result.asset.hash == asset.hash
+        assert set(result.tags) == {"alpha", "beta"}
+
+    def test_respects_owner_visibility(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset, owner_id="user1")
+        session.commit()
+
+        # Wrong owner cannot see
+        result = get_asset_detail(reference_id=ref.id, owner_id="user2")
+        assert result is None
+
+        # Correct owner can see
+        result = get_asset_detail(reference_id=ref.id, owner_id="user1")
+        assert result is not None
+
+
+class TestUpdateAssetMetadata:
+    def test_updates_name(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset, name="old_name.bin")
+        ref_id = ref.id
+        session.commit()
+
+        update_asset_metadata(
+            reference_id=ref_id,
+            name="new_name.bin",
+        )
+
+        # Verify by re-fetching from DB
+        session.expire_all()
+        updated_ref = session.get(AssetReference, ref_id)
+        assert updated_ref.name == "new_name.bin"
+
+    def test_updates_tags(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["old"])
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["old"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = update_asset_metadata(
+            reference_id=ref.id,
+            tags=["new1", "new2"],
+        )
+
+        assert set(result.tags) == {"new1", "new2"}
+        assert "old" not in result.tags
+
+    def test_updates_user_metadata(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        ref_id = ref.id
+        session.commit()
+
+        update_asset_metadata(
+            reference_id=ref_id,
+            user_metadata={"key": "value", "num": 42},
+        )
+
+        # Verify by re-fetching from DB
+        session.expire_all()
+        updated_ref = session.get(AssetReference, ref_id)
+        assert updated_ref.user_metadata["key"] == "value"
+        assert updated_ref.user_metadata["num"] == 42
+
+    def test_raises_for_nonexistent(self, mock_create_session):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="not found"):
+            update_asset_metadata(reference_id="nonexistent", name="fail")
+
+    def test_raises_for_wrong_owner(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset, owner_id="user1")
+        session.commit()
+
+        with pytest.raises(PermissionError, match="not owner"):
+            update_asset_metadata(
+                reference_id=ref.id,
+                name="new",
+                owner_id="user2",
+            )
+
+
+class TestDeleteAssetReference:
+    def test_deletes_reference(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        ref_id = ref.id
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = delete_asset_reference(
+            reference_id=ref_id,
+            owner_id="",
+            delete_content_if_orphan=False,
+        )
+
+        assert result is True
+        assert session.get(AssetReference, ref_id) is None
+
+    def test_returns_false_for_nonexistent(self, mock_create_session):
+        result = delete_asset_reference(
+            reference_id="nonexistent",
+            owner_id="",
+        )
+        assert result is False
+
+    def test_returns_false_for_wrong_owner(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset, owner_id="user1")
+        ref_id = ref.id
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = delete_asset_reference(
+            reference_id=ref_id,
+            owner_id="user2",
+        )
+
+        assert result is False
+        assert session.get(AssetReference, ref_id) is not None
+
+    def test_keeps_asset_if_other_references_exist(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref1 = _make_reference(session, asset, name="ref1")
+        _make_reference(session, asset, name="ref2")  # Second ref keeps asset alive
+        asset_id = asset.id
+        session.commit()
+
+        delete_asset_reference(
+            reference_id=ref1.id,
+            owner_id="",
+            delete_content_if_orphan=True,
+        )
+
+        # Asset should still exist
+        assert session.get(Asset, asset_id) is not None
+
+    def test_deletes_orphaned_asset(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        asset_id = asset.id
+        ref_id = ref.id
+        session.commit()
+
+        delete_asset_reference(
+            reference_id=ref_id,
+            owner_id="",
+            delete_content_if_orphan=True,
+        )
+
+        # Both ref and asset should be gone
+        assert session.get(AssetReference, ref_id) is None
+        assert session.get(Asset, asset_id) is None
+
+
+class TestSetAssetPreview:
+    def test_sets_preview(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session, hash_val="blake3:main")
+        preview_asset = _make_asset(session, hash_val="blake3:preview")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        ref_id = ref.id
+        preview_id = preview_asset.id
+        session.commit()
+
+        set_asset_preview(
+            reference_id=ref_id,
+            preview_asset_id=preview_id,
+        )
+
+        # Verify by re-fetching from DB
+        session.expire_all()
+        updated_ref = session.get(AssetReference, ref_id)
+        assert updated_ref.preview_id == preview_id
+
+    def test_clears_preview(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        preview_asset = _make_asset(session, hash_val="blake3:preview")
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        ref.preview_id = preview_asset.id
+        ref_id = ref.id
+        session.commit()
+
+        set_asset_preview(
+            reference_id=ref_id,
+            preview_asset_id=None,
+        )
+
+        # Verify by re-fetching from DB
+        session.expire_all()
+        updated_ref = session.get(AssetReference, ref_id)
+        assert updated_ref.preview_id is None
+
+    def test_raises_for_nonexistent_ref(self, mock_create_session):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="not found"):
+            set_asset_preview(reference_id="nonexistent")
+
+    def test_raises_for_wrong_owner(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset, owner_id="user1")
+        session.commit()
+
+        with pytest.raises(PermissionError, match="not owner"):
+            set_asset_preview(
+                reference_id=ref.id,
+                preview_asset_id=None,
+                owner_id="user2",
+            )

tests-unit/assets_test/services/test_bulk_ingest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+"""Tests for bulk ingest services."""
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.assets.database.models import Asset, AssetReference
+from app.assets.services.bulk_ingest import SeedAssetSpec, batch_insert_seed_assets
+
+
+class TestBatchInsertSeedAssets:
+    def test_populates_mime_type_for_model_files(self, session: Session, temp_dir: Path):
+        """Verify mime_type is stored in the Asset table for model files."""
+        file_path = temp_dir / "model.safetensors"
+        file_path.write_bytes(b"fake safetensors content")
+
+        specs: list[SeedAssetSpec] = [
+            {
+                "abs_path": str(file_path),
+                "size_bytes": 24,
+                "mtime_ns": 1234567890000000000,
+                "info_name": "Test Model",
+                "tags": ["models"],
+                "fname": "model.safetensors",
+                "metadata": None,
+                "hash": None,
+                "mime_type": "application/safetensors",
+            }
+        ]
+
+        result = batch_insert_seed_assets(session, specs=specs, owner_id="")
+
+        assert result.inserted_refs == 1
+
+        # Verify Asset has mime_type populated
+        assets = session.query(Asset).all()
+        assert len(assets) == 1
+        assert assets[0].mime_type == "application/safetensors"
+
+    def test_mime_type_none_when_not_provided(self, session: Session, temp_dir: Path):
+        """Verify mime_type is None when not provided in spec."""
+        file_path = temp_dir / "unknown.bin"
+        file_path.write_bytes(b"binary data")
+
+        specs: list[SeedAssetSpec] = [
+            {
+                "abs_path": str(file_path),
+                "size_bytes": 11,
+                "mtime_ns": 1234567890000000000,
+                "info_name": "Unknown File",
+                "tags": [],
+                "fname": "unknown.bin",
+                "metadata": None,
+                "hash": None,
+                "mime_type": None,
+            }
+        ]
+
+        result = batch_insert_seed_assets(session, specs=specs, owner_id="")
+
+        assert result.inserted_refs == 1
+
+        assets = session.query(Asset).all()
+        assert len(assets) == 1
+        assert assets[0].mime_type is None
+
+    def test_various_model_mime_types(self, session: Session, temp_dir: Path):
+        """Verify various model file types get correct mime_type."""
+        test_cases = [
+            ("model.safetensors", "application/safetensors"),
+            ("model.pt", "application/pytorch"),
+            ("model.ckpt", "application/pickle"),
+            ("model.gguf", "application/gguf"),
+        ]
+
+        specs: list[SeedAssetSpec] = []
+        for filename, mime_type in test_cases:
+            file_path = temp_dir / filename
+            file_path.write_bytes(b"content")
+            specs.append(
+                {
+                    "abs_path": str(file_path),
+                    "size_bytes": 7,
+                    "mtime_ns": 1234567890000000000,
+                    "info_name": filename,
+                    "tags": [],
+                    "fname": filename,
+                    "metadata": None,
+                    "hash": None,
+                    "mime_type": mime_type,
+                }
+            )
+
+        result = batch_insert_seed_assets(session, specs=specs, owner_id="")
+
+        assert result.inserted_refs == len(test_cases)
+
+        for filename, expected_mime in test_cases:
+            ref = session.query(AssetReference).filter_by(name=filename).first()
+            assert ref is not None
+            asset = session.query(Asset).filter_by(id=ref.asset_id).first()
+            assert asset.mime_type == expected_mime, f"Expected {expected_mime} for {filename}, got {asset.mime_type}"
+
+
+class TestMetadataExtraction:
+    def test_extracts_mime_type_for_model_files(self, temp_dir: Path):
+        """Verify metadata extraction returns correct mime_type for model files."""
+        from app.assets.services.metadata_extract import extract_file_metadata
+
+        file_path = temp_dir / "model.safetensors"
+        file_path.write_bytes(b"fake safetensors content")
+
+        meta = extract_file_metadata(str(file_path))
+
+        assert meta.content_type == "application/safetensors"
+
+    def test_mime_type_for_various_model_formats(self, temp_dir: Path):
+        """Verify various model file types get correct mime_type from metadata."""
+        from app.assets.services.metadata_extract import extract_file_metadata
+
+        test_cases = [
+            ("model.safetensors", "application/safetensors"),
+            ("model.sft", "application/safetensors"),
+            ("model.pt", "application/pytorch"),
+            ("model.pth", "application/pytorch"),
+            ("model.ckpt", "application/pickle"),
+            ("model.pkl", "application/pickle"),
+            ("model.gguf", "application/gguf"),
+        ]
+
+        for filename, expected_mime in test_cases:
+            file_path = temp_dir / filename
+            file_path.write_bytes(b"content")
+
+            meta = extract_file_metadata(str(file_path))
+
+            assert meta.content_type == expected_mime, f"Expected {expected_mime} for {filename}, got {meta.content_type}"

tests-unit/assets_test/services/test_enrich.py

@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+"""Tests for asset enrichment (mime_type and hash population)."""
+from pathlib import Path
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.assets.database.models import Asset, AssetReference
+from app.assets.scanner import (
+    ENRICHMENT_HASHED,
+    ENRICHMENT_METADATA,
+    ENRICHMENT_STUB,
+    enrich_asset,
+)
+
+
+def _create_stub_asset(
+    session: Session,
+    file_path: str,
+    asset_id: str = "test-asset-id",
+    reference_id: str = "test-ref-id",
+    name: str | None = None,
+) -> tuple[Asset, AssetReference]:
+    """Create a stub asset with reference for testing enrichment."""
+    asset = Asset(
+        id=asset_id,
+        hash=None,
+        size_bytes=100,
+        mime_type=None,
+    )
+    session.add(asset)
+    session.flush()
+
+    ref = AssetReference(
+        id=reference_id,
+        asset_id=asset_id,
+        name=name or f"test-asset-{asset_id}",
+        owner_id="system",
+        file_path=file_path,
+        mtime_ns=1234567890000000000,
+        enrichment_level=ENRICHMENT_STUB,
+    )
+    session.add(ref)
+    session.flush()
+
+    return asset, ref
+
+
+class TestEnrichAsset:
+    def test_extracts_mime_type_and_updates_asset(
+        self, db_engine, temp_dir: Path, session: Session
+    ):
+        """Verify mime_type is written to the Asset table during enrichment."""
+        file_path = temp_dir / "model.safetensors"
+        file_path.write_bytes(b"\x00" * 100)
+
+        asset, ref = _create_stub_asset(
+            session, str(file_path), "asset-1", "ref-1"
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        with patch("app.assets.scanner.create_session") as mock_cs:
+            from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+            @contextmanager
+            def _create_session():
+                with Session(db_engine) as sess:
+                    yield sess
+
+            mock_cs.side_effect = _create_session
+
+            new_level = enrich_asset(
+                file_path=str(file_path),
+                reference_id=ref.id,
+                asset_id=asset.id,
+                extract_metadata=True,
+                compute_hash=False,
+            )
+
+        assert new_level == ENRICHMENT_METADATA
+
+        session.expire_all()
+        updated_asset = session.get(Asset, "asset-1")
+        assert updated_asset is not None
+        assert updated_asset.mime_type == "application/safetensors"
+
+    def test_computes_hash_and_updates_asset(
+        self, db_engine, temp_dir: Path, session: Session
+    ):
+        """Verify hash is written to the Asset table during enrichment."""
+        file_path = temp_dir / "data.bin"
+        file_path.write_bytes(b"test content for hashing")
+
+        asset, ref = _create_stub_asset(
+            session, str(file_path), "asset-2", "ref-2"
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        with patch("app.assets.scanner.create_session") as mock_cs:
+            from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+            @contextmanager
+            def _create_session():
+                with Session(db_engine) as sess:
+                    yield sess
+
+            mock_cs.side_effect = _create_session
+
+            new_level = enrich_asset(
+                file_path=str(file_path),
+                reference_id=ref.id,
+                asset_id=asset.id,
+                extract_metadata=True,
+                compute_hash=True,
+            )
+
+        assert new_level == ENRICHMENT_HASHED
+
+        session.expire_all()
+        updated_asset = session.get(Asset, "asset-2")
+        assert updated_asset is not None
+        assert updated_asset.hash is not None
+        assert updated_asset.hash.startswith("blake3:")
+
+    def test_enrichment_updates_both_mime_and_hash(
+        self, db_engine, temp_dir: Path, session: Session
+    ):
+        """Verify both mime_type and hash are set when full enrichment runs."""
+        file_path = temp_dir / "model.safetensors"
+        file_path.write_bytes(b"\x00" * 50)
+
+        asset, ref = _create_stub_asset(
+            session, str(file_path), "asset-3", "ref-3"
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        with patch("app.assets.scanner.create_session") as mock_cs:
+            from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+            @contextmanager
+            def _create_session():
+                with Session(db_engine) as sess:
+                    yield sess
+
+            mock_cs.side_effect = _create_session
+
+            enrich_asset(
+                file_path=str(file_path),
+                reference_id=ref.id,
+                asset_id=asset.id,
+                extract_metadata=True,
+                compute_hash=True,
+            )
+
+        session.expire_all()
+        updated_asset = session.get(Asset, "asset-3")
+        assert updated_asset is not None
+        assert updated_asset.mime_type == "application/safetensors"
+        assert updated_asset.hash is not None
+        assert updated_asset.hash.startswith("blake3:")
+
+    def test_missing_file_returns_stub_level(
+        self, db_engine, temp_dir: Path, session: Session
+    ):
+        """Verify missing files don't cause errors and return STUB level."""
+        file_path = temp_dir / "nonexistent.bin"
+
+        asset, ref = _create_stub_asset(
+            session, str(file_path), "asset-4", "ref-4"
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        with patch("app.assets.scanner.create_session") as mock_cs:
+            from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+            @contextmanager
+            def _create_session():
+                with Session(db_engine) as sess:
+                    yield sess
+
+            mock_cs.side_effect = _create_session
+
+            new_level = enrich_asset(
+                file_path=str(file_path),
+                reference_id=ref.id,
+                asset_id=asset.id,
+                extract_metadata=True,
+                compute_hash=True,
+            )
+
+        assert new_level == ENRICHMENT_STUB
+
+        session.expire_all()
+        updated_asset = session.get(Asset, "asset-4")
+        assert updated_asset.mime_type is None
+        assert updated_asset.hash is None
+
+    def test_duplicate_hash_merges_into_existing_asset(
+        self, db_engine, temp_dir: Path, session: Session
+    ):
+        """Verify duplicate files merge into existing asset instead of failing."""
+        file_path_1 = temp_dir / "file1.bin"
+        file_path_2 = temp_dir / "file2.bin"
+        content = b"identical content"
+        file_path_1.write_bytes(content)
+        file_path_2.write_bytes(content)
+
+        asset1, ref1 = _create_stub_asset(
+            session, str(file_path_1), "asset-dup-1", "ref-dup-1"
+        )
+        asset2, ref2 = _create_stub_asset(
+            session, str(file_path_2), "asset-dup-2", "ref-dup-2"
+        )
+        session.commit()
+
+        with patch("app.assets.scanner.create_session") as mock_cs:
+            from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+            @contextmanager
+            def _create_session():
+                with Session(db_engine) as sess:
+                    yield sess
+
+            mock_cs.side_effect = _create_session
+
+            enrich_asset(
+                file_path=str(file_path_1),
+                reference_id=ref1.id,
+                asset_id=asset1.id,
+                extract_metadata=True,
+                compute_hash=True,
+            )
+
+            enrich_asset(
+                file_path=str(file_path_2),
+                reference_id=ref2.id,
+                asset_id=asset2.id,
+                extract_metadata=True,
+                compute_hash=True,
+            )
+
+        session.expire_all()
+
+        updated_asset1 = session.get(Asset, "asset-dup-1")
+        assert updated_asset1 is not None
+        assert updated_asset1.hash is not None
+
+        updated_asset2 = session.get(Asset, "asset-dup-2")
+        assert updated_asset2 is None
+
+        updated_ref2 = session.get(AssetReference, "ref-dup-2")
+        assert updated_ref2 is not None
+        assert updated_ref2.asset_id == "asset-dup-1"

tests-unit/assets_test/services/test_ingest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+"""Tests for ingest services."""
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.assets.database.models import Asset, AssetReference, Tag
+from app.assets.database.queries import get_reference_tags
+from app.assets.services.ingest import _ingest_file_from_path, _register_existing_asset
+
+
+class TestIngestFileFromPath:
+    def test_creates_asset_and_reference(self, mock_create_session, temp_dir: Path, session: Session):
+        file_path = temp_dir / "test_file.bin"
+        file_path.write_bytes(b"test content")
+
+        result = _ingest_file_from_path(
+            abs_path=str(file_path),
+            asset_hash="blake3:abc123",
+            size_bytes=12,
+            mtime_ns=1234567890000000000,
+            mime_type="application/octet-stream",
+        )
+
+        assert result.asset_created is True
+        assert result.ref_created is True
+        assert result.reference_id is not None
+
+        # Verify DB state
+        assets = session.query(Asset).all()
+        assert len(assets) == 1
+        assert assets[0].hash == "blake3:abc123"
+
+        refs = session.query(AssetReference).all()
+        assert len(refs) == 1
+        assert refs[0].file_path == str(file_path)
+
+    def test_creates_reference_when_name_provided(self, mock_create_session, temp_dir: Path, session: Session):
+        file_path = temp_dir / "model.safetensors"
+        file_path.write_bytes(b"model data")
+
+        result = _ingest_file_from_path(
+            abs_path=str(file_path),
+            asset_hash="blake3:def456",
+            size_bytes=10,
+            mtime_ns=1234567890000000000,
+            mime_type="application/octet-stream",
+            info_name="My Model",
+            owner_id="user1",
+        )
+
+        assert result.asset_created is True
+        assert result.reference_id is not None
+
+        ref = session.query(AssetReference).first()
+        assert ref is not None
+        assert ref.name == "My Model"
+        assert ref.owner_id == "user1"
+
+    def test_creates_tags_when_provided(self, mock_create_session, temp_dir: Path, session: Session):
+        file_path = temp_dir / "tagged.bin"
+        file_path.write_bytes(b"data")
+
+        result = _ingest_file_from_path(
+            abs_path=str(file_path),
+            asset_hash="blake3:ghi789",
+            size_bytes=4,
+            mtime_ns=1234567890000000000,
+            info_name="Tagged Asset",
+            tags=["models", "checkpoints"],
+        )
+
+        assert result.reference_id is not None
+
+        # Verify tags were created and linked
+        tags = session.query(Tag).all()
+        tag_names = {t.name for t in tags}
+        assert "models" in tag_names
+        assert "checkpoints" in tag_names
+
+        ref_tags = get_reference_tags(session, reference_id=result.reference_id)
+        assert set(ref_tags) == {"models", "checkpoints"}
+
+    def test_idempotent_upsert(self, mock_create_session, temp_dir: Path, session: Session):
+        file_path = temp_dir / "dup.bin"
+        file_path.write_bytes(b"content")
+
+        # First ingest
+        r1 = _ingest_file_from_path(
+            abs_path=str(file_path),
+            asset_hash="blake3:repeat",
+            size_bytes=7,
+            mtime_ns=1234567890000000000,
+        )
+        assert r1.asset_created is True
+
+        # Second ingest with same hash - should update, not create
+        r2 = _ingest_file_from_path(
+            abs_path=str(file_path),
+            asset_hash="blake3:repeat",
+            size_bytes=7,
+            mtime_ns=1234567890000000001,  # different mtime
+        )
+        assert r2.asset_created is False
+        assert r2.ref_updated is True or r2.ref_created is False
+
+        # Still only one asset
+        assets = session.query(Asset).all()
+        assert len(assets) == 1
+
+    def test_validates_preview_id(self, mock_create_session, temp_dir: Path, session: Session):
+        file_path = temp_dir / "with_preview.bin"
+        file_path.write_bytes(b"data")
+
+        # Create a preview asset first
+        preview_asset = Asset(hash="blake3:preview", size_bytes=100)
+        session.add(preview_asset)
+        session.commit()
+        preview_id = preview_asset.id
+
+        result = _ingest_file_from_path(
+            abs_path=str(file_path),
+            asset_hash="blake3:main",
+            size_bytes=4,
+            mtime_ns=1234567890000000000,
+            info_name="With Preview",
+            preview_id=preview_id,
+        )
+
+        assert result.reference_id is not None
+        ref = session.query(AssetReference).filter_by(id=result.reference_id).first()
+        assert ref.preview_id == preview_id
+
+    def test_invalid_preview_id_is_cleared(self, mock_create_session, temp_dir: Path, session: Session):
+        file_path = temp_dir / "bad_preview.bin"
+        file_path.write_bytes(b"data")
+
+        result = _ingest_file_from_path(
+            abs_path=str(file_path),
+            asset_hash="blake3:badpreview",
+            size_bytes=4,
+            mtime_ns=1234567890000000000,
+            info_name="Bad Preview",
+            preview_id="nonexistent-uuid",
+        )
+
+        assert result.reference_id is not None
+        ref = session.query(AssetReference).filter_by(id=result.reference_id).first()
+        assert ref.preview_id is None
+
+
+class TestRegisterExistingAsset:
+    def test_creates_reference_for_existing_asset(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        # Create existing asset
+        asset = Asset(hash="blake3:existing", size_bytes=1024, mime_type="image/png")
+        session.add(asset)
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = _register_existing_asset(
+            asset_hash="blake3:existing",
+            name="Registered Asset",
+            user_metadata={"key": "value"},
+            tags=["models"],
+        )
+
+        assert result.created is True
+        assert "models" in result.tags
+
+        # Verify by re-fetching from DB
+        session.expire_all()
+        refs = session.query(AssetReference).filter_by(name="Registered Asset").all()
+        assert len(refs) == 1
+
+    def test_creates_new_reference_even_with_same_name(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        # Create asset and reference
+        asset = Asset(hash="blake3:withref", size_bytes=512)
+        session.add(asset)
+        session.flush()
+
+        from app.assets.helpers import get_utc_now
+        ref = AssetReference(
+            owner_id="",
+            name="Existing Ref",
+            asset_id=asset.id,
+            created_at=get_utc_now(),
+            updated_at=get_utc_now(),
+            last_access_time=get_utc_now(),
+        )
+        session.add(ref)
+        session.flush()
+        ref_id = ref.id
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = _register_existing_asset(
+            asset_hash="blake3:withref",
+            name="Existing Ref",
+            owner_id="",
+        )
+
+        # Multiple files with same name are allowed
+        assert result.created is True
+
+        # Verify two AssetReferences exist for this name
+        session.expire_all()
+        refs = session.query(AssetReference).filter_by(name="Existing Ref").all()
+        assert len(refs) == 2
+        assert ref_id in [r.id for r in refs]
+
+    def test_raises_for_nonexistent_hash(self, mock_create_session):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="No asset with hash"):
+            _register_existing_asset(
+                asset_hash="blake3:doesnotexist",
+                name="Fail",
+            )
+
+    def test_applies_tags_to_new_reference(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = Asset(hash="blake3:tagged", size_bytes=256)
+        session.add(asset)
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = _register_existing_asset(
+            asset_hash="blake3:tagged",
+            name="Tagged Ref",
+            tags=["alpha", "beta"],
+        )
+
+        assert result.created is True
+        assert set(result.tags) == {"alpha", "beta"}

tests-unit/assets_test/services/test_tagging.py

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+"""Tests for tagging services."""
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.assets.database.models import Asset, AssetReference
+from app.assets.database.queries import ensure_tags_exist, add_tags_to_reference
+from app.assets.helpers import get_utc_now
+from app.assets.services import apply_tags, remove_tags, list_tags
+
+
+def _make_asset(session: Session, hash_val: str = "blake3:test") -> Asset:
+    asset = Asset(hash=hash_val, size_bytes=1024)
+    session.add(asset)
+    session.flush()
+    return asset
+
+
+def _make_reference(
+    session: Session,
+    asset: Asset,
+    name: str = "test",
+    owner_id: str = "",
+) -> AssetReference:
+    now = get_utc_now()
+    ref = AssetReference(
+        owner_id=owner_id,
+        name=name,
+        asset_id=asset.id,
+        created_at=now,
+        updated_at=now,
+        last_access_time=now,
+    )
+    session.add(ref)
+    session.flush()
+    return ref
+
+
+class TestApplyTags:
+    def test_adds_new_tags(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = apply_tags(
+            reference_id=ref.id,
+            tags=["alpha", "beta"],
+        )
+
+        assert set(result.added) == {"alpha", "beta"}
+        assert result.already_present == []
+        assert set(result.total_tags) == {"alpha", "beta"}
+
+    def test_reports_already_present(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["existing"])
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["existing"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = apply_tags(
+            reference_id=ref.id,
+            tags=["existing", "new"],
+        )
+
+        assert result.added == ["new"]
+        assert result.already_present == ["existing"]
+
+    def test_raises_for_nonexistent_ref(self, mock_create_session):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="not found"):
+            apply_tags(reference_id="nonexistent", tags=["x"])
+
+    def test_raises_for_wrong_owner(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset, owner_id="user1")
+        session.commit()
+
+        with pytest.raises(PermissionError, match="not owner"):
+            apply_tags(
+                reference_id=ref.id,
+                tags=["new"],
+                owner_id="user2",
+            )
+
+
+class TestRemoveTags:
+    def test_removes_tags(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["a", "b", "c"])
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["a", "b", "c"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = remove_tags(
+            reference_id=ref.id,
+            tags=["a", "b"],
+        )
+
+        assert set(result.removed) == {"a", "b"}
+        assert result.not_present == []
+        assert result.total_tags == ["c"]
+
+    def test_reports_not_present(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["present"])
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["present"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        result = remove_tags(
+            reference_id=ref.id,
+            tags=["present", "absent"],
+        )
+
+        assert result.removed == ["present"]
+        assert result.not_present == ["absent"]
+
+    def test_raises_for_nonexistent_ref(self, mock_create_session):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="not found"):
+            remove_tags(reference_id="nonexistent", tags=["x"])
+
+    def test_raises_for_wrong_owner(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset, owner_id="user1")
+        session.commit()
+
+        with pytest.raises(PermissionError, match="not owner"):
+            remove_tags(
+                reference_id=ref.id,
+                tags=["x"],
+                owner_id="user2",
+            )
+
+
+class TestListTags:
+    def test_returns_tags_with_counts(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["used", "unused"])
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["used"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        rows, total = list_tags()
+
+        tag_dict = {name: count for name, _, count in rows}
+        assert tag_dict["used"] == 1
+        assert tag_dict["unused"] == 0
+        assert total == 2
+
+    def test_excludes_zero_counts(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["used", "unused"])
+        asset = _make_asset(session)
+        ref = _make_reference(session, asset)
+        add_tags_to_reference(session, reference_id=ref.id, tags=["used"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        rows, total = list_tags(include_zero=False)
+
+        tag_names = {name for name, _, _ in rows}
+        assert "used" in tag_names
+        assert "unused" not in tag_names
+
+    def test_prefix_filter(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["alpha", "beta", "alphabet"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        rows, _ = list_tags(prefix="alph")
+
+        tag_names = {name for name, _, _ in rows}
+        assert tag_names == {"alpha", "alphabet"}
+
+    def test_order_by_name(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["zebra", "alpha", "middle"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        rows, _ = list_tags(order="name_asc")
+
+        names = [name for name, _, _ in rows]
+        assert names == ["alpha", "middle", "zebra"]
+
+    def test_pagination(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        rows, total = list_tags(limit=2, offset=1, order="name_asc")
+
+        assert total == 5
+        assert len(rows) == 2
+        names = [name for name, _, _ in rows]
+        assert names == ["b", "c"]
+
+    def test_clamps_limit(self, mock_create_session, session: Session):
+        ensure_tags_exist(session, ["a"])
+        session.commit()
+
+        # Service should clamp limit to max 1000
+        rows, _ = list_tags(limit=2000)
+        assert len(rows) <= 1000

tests-unit/assets_test/test_assets_missing_sync.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
 import requests
-from conftest import get_asset_filename, trigger_sync_seed_assets
+from helpers import get_asset_filename, trigger_sync_seed_assets
 
 
 

tests-unit/assets_test/test_crud.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
 import requests
-from conftest import get_asset_filename, trigger_sync_seed_assets
+from helpers import get_asset_filename, trigger_sync_seed_assets
 
 
 def test_create_from_hash_success(
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ def test_create_from_hash_success(
     assert b1["created_new"] is False
     aid = b1["id"]
 
-    # Calling again with the same name should return the same AssetInfo id
+    # Calling again with the same name creates a new AssetInfo (duplicates allowed)
     r2 = http.post(f"{api_base}/api/assets/from-hash", json=payload, timeout=120)
     b2 = r2.json()
     assert r2.status_code == 201, b2
-    assert b2["id"] == aid
+    assert b2["id"] != aid  # new reference, not the same one
 
 
 def test_get_and_delete_asset(http: requests.Session, api_base: str, seeded_asset: dict):
@@ -126,42 +126,52 @@ def test_head_asset_bad_hash_returns_400_and_no_body(http: requests.Session, api
     assert body == b""
 
 
-def test_delete_nonexistent_returns_404(http: requests.Session, api_base: str):
-    bogus = str(uuid.uuid4())
-    r = http.delete(f"{api_base}/api/assets/{bogus}", timeout=120)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "method,endpoint_template,payload,expected_status,error_code",
+    [
+        # Delete nonexistent asset
+        ("delete", "/api/assets/{uuid}", None, 404, "ASSET_NOT_FOUND"),
+        # Bad hash algorithm in from-hash
+        (
+            "post",
+            "/api/assets/from-hash",
+            {"hash": "sha256:" + "0" * 64, "name": "x.bin", "tags": ["models", "checkpoints", "unit-tests"]},
+            400,
+            "INVALID_BODY",
+        ),
+        # Get with bad UUID format
+        ("get", "/api/assets/not-a-uuid", None, 404, None),
+        # Get content with bad UUID format
+        ("get", "/api/assets/not-a-uuid/content", None, 404, None),
+    ],
+    ids=["delete_nonexistent", "bad_hash_algorithm", "get_bad_uuid", "content_bad_uuid"],
+)
+def test_error_responses(
+    http: requests.Session, api_base: str, method, endpoint_template, payload, expected_status, error_code
+):
+    # Replace {uuid} placeholder with a random UUID for delete test
+    endpoint = endpoint_template.replace("{uuid}", str(uuid.uuid4()))
+    url = f"{api_base}{endpoint}"
+
+    if method == "get":
+        r = http.get(url, timeout=120)
+    elif method == "post":
+        r = http.post(url, json=payload, timeout=120)
+    elif method == "delete":
+        r = http.delete(url, timeout=120)
+
+    assert r.status_code == expected_status
+    if error_code:
+        body = r.json()
+        assert body["error"]["code"] == error_code
+
+
+def test_create_from_hash_invalid_json(http: requests.Session, api_base: str):
+    """Invalid JSON body requires special handling (data= instead of json=)."""
+    r = http.post(f"{api_base}/api/assets/from-hash", data=b"{not json}", timeout=120)
     body = r.json()
-    assert r.status_code == 404
-    assert body["error"]["code"] == "ASSET_NOT_FOUND"
-
-
-def test_create_from_hash_invalids(http: requests.Session, api_base: str):
-    # Bad hash algorithm
-    bad = {
-        "hash": "sha256:" + "0" * 64,
-        "name": "x.bin",
-        "tags": ["models", "checkpoints", "unit-tests"],
-    }
-    r1 = http.post(f"{api_base}/api/assets/from-hash", json=bad, timeout=120)
-    b1 = r1.json()
-    assert r1.status_code == 400
-    assert b1["error"]["code"] == "INVALID_BODY"
-
-    # Invalid JSON body
-    r2 = http.post(f"{api_base}/api/assets/from-hash", data=b"{not json}", timeout=120)
-    b2 = r2.json()
-    assert r2.status_code == 400
-    assert b2["error"]["code"] == "INVALID_JSON"
-
-
-def test_get_update_download_bad_ids(http: requests.Session, api_base: str):
-    # All endpoints should be not found, as we UUID regex directly in the route definition.
-    bad_id = "not-a-uuid"
-
-    r1 = http.get(f"{api_base}/api/assets/{bad_id}", timeout=120)
-    assert r1.status_code == 404
-
-    r3 = http.get(f"{api_base}/api/assets/{bad_id}/content", timeout=120)
-    assert r3.status_code == 404
+    assert r.status_code == 400
+    assert body["error"]["code"] == "INVALID_JSON"
 
 
 def test_update_requires_at_least_one_field(http: requests.Session, api_base: str, seeded_asset: dict):

tests-unit/assets_test/test_downloads.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from typing import Optional
 
 import pytest
 import requests
-from conftest import get_asset_filename, trigger_sync_seed_assets
+from helpers import get_asset_filename, trigger_sync_seed_assets
 
 
 def test_download_attachment_and_inline(http: requests.Session, api_base: str, seeded_asset: dict):

tests-unit/assets_test/test_file_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+from app.assets.services.file_utils import is_visible, list_files_recursively
+
+
+class TestIsVisible:
+    def test_visible_file(self):
+        assert is_visible("file.txt") is True
+
+    def test_hidden_file(self):
+        assert is_visible(".hidden") is False
+
+    def test_hidden_directory(self):
+        assert is_visible(".git") is False
+
+    def test_visible_directory(self):
+        assert is_visible("src") is True
+
+    def test_dotdot_is_hidden(self):
+        assert is_visible("..") is False
+
+    def test_dot_is_hidden(self):
+        assert is_visible(".") is False
+
+
+class TestListFilesRecursively:
+    def test_skips_hidden_files(self, tmp_path):
+        (tmp_path / "visible.txt").write_text("a")
+        (tmp_path / ".hidden").write_text("b")
+
+        result = list_files_recursively(str(tmp_path))
+
+        assert len(result) == 1
+        assert result[0].endswith("visible.txt")
+
+    def test_skips_hidden_directories(self, tmp_path):
+        hidden_dir = tmp_path / ".hidden_dir"
+        hidden_dir.mkdir()
+        (hidden_dir / "file.txt").write_text("a")
+
+        visible_dir = tmp_path / "visible_dir"
+        visible_dir.mkdir()
+        (visible_dir / "file.txt").write_text("b")
+
+        result = list_files_recursively(str(tmp_path))
+
+        assert len(result) == 1
+        assert "visible_dir" in result[0]
+        assert ".hidden_dir" not in result[0]
+
+    def test_empty_directory(self, tmp_path):
+        result = list_files_recursively(str(tmp_path))
+        assert result == []
+
+    def test_nonexistent_directory(self, tmp_path):
+        result = list_files_recursively(str(tmp_path / "nonexistent"))
+        assert result == []

tests-unit/assets_test/test_list_filter.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import time
 import uuid
 
+import pytest
 import requests
 
 
@@ -283,30 +284,21 @@ def test_list_assets_offset_beyond_total_and_limit_boundary(http, api_base, asse
     assert b2["has_more"] is False
 
 
-def test_list_assets_offset_negative_and_limit_nonint_rejected(http, api_base):
-    r1 = http.get(api_base + "/api/assets", params={"offset": "-1"}, timeout=120)
-    b1 = r1.json()
-    assert r1.status_code == 400
-    assert b1["error"]["code"] == "INVALID_QUERY"
-
-    r2 = http.get(api_base + "/api/assets", params={"limit": "abc"}, timeout=120)
-    b2 = r2.json()
-    assert r2.status_code == 400
-    assert b2["error"]["code"] == "INVALID_QUERY"
-
-
-def test_list_assets_invalid_query_rejected(http: requests.Session, api_base: str):
-    # limit too small
-    r1 = http.get(api_base + "/api/assets", params={"limit": "0"}, timeout=120)
-    b1 = r1.json()
-    assert r1.status_code == 400
-    assert b1["error"]["code"] == "INVALID_QUERY"
-
-    # bad metadata JSON
-    r2 = http.get(api_base + "/api/assets", params={"metadata_filter": "{not json"}, timeout=120)
-    b2 = r2.json()
-    assert r2.status_code == 400
-    assert b2["error"]["code"] == "INVALID_QUERY"
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "params,error_code",
+    [
+        ({"offset": "-1"}, "INVALID_QUERY"),
+        ({"limit": "abc"}, "INVALID_QUERY"),
+        ({"limit": "0"}, "INVALID_QUERY"),
+        ({"metadata_filter": "{not json"}, "INVALID_QUERY"),
+    ],
+    ids=["negative_offset", "non_int_limit", "zero_limit", "invalid_metadata_json"],
+)
+def test_list_assets_invalid_query_rejected(http: requests.Session, api_base: str, params, error_code):
+    r = http.get(api_base + "/api/assets", params=params, timeout=120)
+    body = r.json()
+    assert r.status_code == 400
+    assert body["error"]["code"] == error_code
 
 
 def test_list_assets_name_contains_literal_underscore(

tests-unit/assets_test/test_prune_orphaned_assets.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
 import requests
-from conftest import get_asset_filename, trigger_sync_seed_assets
+from helpers import get_asset_filename, trigger_sync_seed_assets
 
 
 @pytest.fixture

tests-unit/assets_test/test_uploads.py

@@ -18,25 +18,24 @@ def test_upload_ok_duplicate_reference(http: requests.Session, api_base: str, ma
     assert r1.status_code == 201, a1
     assert a1["created_new"] is True
 
-    # Second upload with the same data and name should return created_new == False and the same asset
+    # Second upload with the same data and name creates a new AssetInfo (duplicates allowed)
+    # Returns 200 because Asset already exists, but a new AssetInfo is created
     files = {"file": (name, data, "application/octet-stream")}
     form = {"tags": json.dumps(tags), "name": name, "user_metadata": json.dumps(meta)}
     r2 = http.post(api_base + "/api/assets", data=form, files=files, timeout=120)
     a2 = r2.json()
-    assert r2.status_code == 200, a2
-    assert a2["created_new"] is False
+    assert r2.status_code in (200, 201), a2
     assert a2["asset_hash"] == a1["asset_hash"]
-    assert a2["id"] == a1["id"]  # old reference
+    assert a2["id"] != a1["id"]  # new reference with same content
 
-    # Third upload with the same data but new name should return created_new == False and the new AssetReference
+    # Third upload with the same data but different name also creates new AssetInfo
     files = {"file": (name, data, "application/octet-stream")}
     form = {"tags": json.dumps(tags), "name": name + "_d", "user_metadata": json.dumps(meta)}
-    r2 = http.post(api_base + "/api/assets", data=form, files=files, timeout=120)
-    a3 = r2.json()
-    assert r2.status_code == 200, a3
-    assert a3["created_new"] is False
+    r3 = http.post(api_base + "/api/assets", data=form, files=files, timeout=120)
+    a3 = r3.json()
+    assert r3.status_code in (200, 201), a3
     assert a3["asset_hash"] == a1["asset_hash"]
-    assert a3["id"] != a1["id"]  # old reference
+    assert a3["id"] != a1["id"]
 
 
 def test_upload_fastpath_from_existing_hash_no_file(http: requests.Session, api_base: str):

tests-unit/requirements.txt

@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@ pytest>=7.8.0
 pytest-aiohttp
 pytest-asyncio
 websocket-client
-blake3

tests-unit/seeder_test/test_seeder.py

@@ -0,0 +1,772 @@
+"""Unit tests for the AssetSeeder background scanning class."""
+
+import threading
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+import pytest
+
+from app.assets.seeder import AssetSeeder, Progress, ScanPhase, State
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def fresh_seeder():
+    """Create a fresh AssetSeeder instance for testing (bypasses singleton)."""
+    seeder = object.__new__(AssetSeeder)
+    seeder._initialized = False
+    seeder.__init__()
+    yield seeder
+    seeder.shutdown(timeout=1.0)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def mock_dependencies():
+    """Mock all external dependencies for isolated testing."""
+    with (
+        patch("app.assets.seeder.dependencies_available", return_value=True),
+        patch("app.assets.seeder.sync_root_safely", return_value=set()),
+        patch("app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", return_value=[]),
+        patch("app.assets.seeder.build_stub_specs", return_value=([], set(), 0)),
+        patch("app.assets.seeder.insert_asset_specs", return_value=0),
+        patch("app.assets.seeder.get_unenriched_assets_for_roots", return_value=[]),
+        patch("app.assets.seeder.enrich_assets_batch", return_value=(0, 0)),
+    ):
+        yield
+
+
+class TestSeederStateTransitions:
+    """Test state machine transitions."""
+
+    def test_initial_state_is_idle(self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder):
+        assert fresh_seeder.get_status().state == State.IDLE
+
+    def test_start_transitions_to_running(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder, mock_dependencies
+    ):
+        barrier = threading.Event()
+        reached = threading.Event()
+
+        def slow_collect(*args):
+            reached.set()
+            barrier.wait(timeout=5.0)
+            return []
+
+        with patch(
+            "app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", side_effect=slow_collect
+        ):
+            started = fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            assert started is True
+            assert reached.wait(timeout=2.0)
+            assert fresh_seeder.get_status().state == State.RUNNING
+
+            barrier.set()
+
+    def test_start_while_running_returns_false(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder, mock_dependencies
+    ):
+        barrier = threading.Event()
+        reached = threading.Event()
+
+        def slow_collect(*args):
+            reached.set()
+            barrier.wait(timeout=5.0)
+            return []
+
+        with patch(
+            "app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", side_effect=slow_collect
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            assert reached.wait(timeout=2.0)
+
+            second_start = fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            assert second_start is False
+
+            barrier.set()
+
+    def test_cancel_transitions_to_cancelling(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder, mock_dependencies
+    ):
+        barrier = threading.Event()
+        reached = threading.Event()
+
+        def slow_collect(*args):
+            reached.set()
+            barrier.wait(timeout=5.0)
+            return []
+
+        with patch(
+            "app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", side_effect=slow_collect
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            assert reached.wait(timeout=2.0)
+
+            cancelled = fresh_seeder.cancel()
+            assert cancelled is True
+            assert fresh_seeder.get_status().state == State.CANCELLING
+
+            barrier.set()
+
+    def test_cancel_when_idle_returns_false(self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder):
+        cancelled = fresh_seeder.cancel()
+        assert cancelled is False
+
+    def test_state_returns_to_idle_after_completion(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder, mock_dependencies
+    ):
+        fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+        completed = fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+        assert completed is True
+        assert fresh_seeder.get_status().state == State.IDLE
+
+
+class TestSeederWait:
+    """Test wait() behavior."""
+
+    def test_wait_blocks_until_complete(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder, mock_dependencies
+    ):
+        fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+        completed = fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+        assert completed is True
+        assert fresh_seeder.get_status().state == State.IDLE
+
+    def test_wait_returns_false_on_timeout(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder, mock_dependencies
+    ):
+        barrier = threading.Event()
+
+        def slow_collect(*args):
+            barrier.wait(timeout=10.0)
+            return []
+
+        with patch(
+            "app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", side_effect=slow_collect
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            completed = fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=0.1)
+            assert completed is False
+
+            barrier.set()
+
+    def test_wait_when_idle_returns_true(self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder):
+        completed = fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=1.0)
+        assert completed is True
+
+
+class TestSeederProgress:
+    """Test progress tracking."""
+
+    def test_get_status_returns_progress_during_scan(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder
+    ):
+        barrier = threading.Event()
+        reached = threading.Event()
+
+        def slow_build(*args, **kwargs):
+            reached.set()
+            barrier.wait(timeout=5.0)
+            return ([], set(), 0)
+
+        paths = ["/path/file1.safetensors", "/path/file2.safetensors"]
+
+        with (
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.dependencies_available", return_value=True),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.sync_root_safely", return_value=set()),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", return_value=paths),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.build_stub_specs", side_effect=slow_build),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.insert_asset_specs", return_value=0),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.get_unenriched_assets_for_roots", return_value=[]),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.enrich_assets_batch", return_value=(0, 0)),
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            assert reached.wait(timeout=2.0)
+
+            status = fresh_seeder.get_status()
+            assert status.state == State.RUNNING
+            assert status.progress is not None
+            assert status.progress.total == 2
+
+            barrier.set()
+
+    def test_progress_callback_is_invoked(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder, mock_dependencies
+    ):
+        progress_updates: list[Progress] = []
+
+        def callback(p: Progress):
+            progress_updates.append(p)
+
+        with patch(
+            "app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots",
+            return_value=[f"/path/file{i}.safetensors" for i in range(10)],
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",), progress_callback=callback)
+            fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+
+        assert len(progress_updates) > 0
+
+
+class TestSeederCancellation:
+    """Test cancellation behavior."""
+
+    def test_scan_commits_partial_progress_on_cancellation(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder
+    ):
+        insert_count = 0
+        barrier = threading.Event()
+        first_insert_done = threading.Event()
+
+        def slow_insert(specs, tags):
+            nonlocal insert_count
+            insert_count += 1
+            if insert_count == 1:
+                first_insert_done.set()
+            if insert_count >= 2:
+                barrier.wait(timeout=5.0)
+            return len(specs)
+
+        paths = [f"/path/file{i}.safetensors" for i in range(1500)]
+        specs = [
+            {
+                "abs_path": p,
+                "size_bytes": 100,
+                "mtime_ns": 0,
+                "info_name": f"file{i}",
+                "tags": [],
+                "fname": f"file{i}",
+                "metadata": None,
+                "hash": None,
+                "mime_type": None,
+            }
+            for i, p in enumerate(paths)
+        ]
+
+        with (
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.dependencies_available", return_value=True),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.sync_root_safely", return_value=set()),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", return_value=paths),
+            patch(
+                "app.assets.seeder.build_stub_specs", return_value=(specs, set(), 0)
+            ),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.insert_asset_specs", side_effect=slow_insert),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.get_unenriched_assets_for_roots", return_value=[]),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.enrich_assets_batch", return_value=(0, 0)),
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            assert first_insert_done.wait(timeout=2.0)
+
+            fresh_seeder.cancel()
+            barrier.set()
+            fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+
+            assert 1 <= insert_count < 3  # 1500 paths / 500 batch = 3; cancel stopped early
+
+
+class TestSeederErrorHandling:
+    """Test error handling behavior."""
+
+    def test_database_errors_captured_in_status(self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder):
+        with (
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.dependencies_available", return_value=True),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.sync_root_safely", return_value=set()),
+            patch(
+                "app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots",
+                return_value=["/path/file.safetensors"],
+            ),
+            patch(
+                "app.assets.seeder.build_stub_specs",
+                return_value=(
+                    [
+                        {
+                            "abs_path": "/path/file.safetensors",
+                            "size_bytes": 100,
+                            "mtime_ns": 0,
+                            "info_name": "file",
+                            "tags": [],
+                            "fname": "file",
+                            "metadata": None,
+                            "hash": None,
+                            "mime_type": None,
+                        }
+                    ],
+                    set(),
+                    0,
+                ),
+            ),
+            patch(
+                "app.assets.seeder.insert_asset_specs",
+                side_effect=Exception("DB connection failed"),
+            ),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.get_unenriched_assets_for_roots", return_value=[]),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.enrich_assets_batch", return_value=(0, 0)),
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+
+            status = fresh_seeder.get_status()
+            assert len(status.errors) > 0
+            assert "DB connection failed" in status.errors[0]
+
+    def test_dependencies_unavailable_captured_in_errors(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder
+    ):
+        with patch("app.assets.seeder.dependencies_available", return_value=False):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+
+            status = fresh_seeder.get_status()
+            assert len(status.errors) > 0
+            assert "dependencies" in status.errors[0].lower()
+
+    def test_thread_crash_resets_state_to_idle(self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder):
+        with (
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.dependencies_available", return_value=True),
+            patch(
+                "app.assets.seeder.sync_root_safely",
+                side_effect=RuntimeError("Unexpected crash"),
+            ),
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+
+            status = fresh_seeder.get_status()
+            assert status.state == State.IDLE
+            assert len(status.errors) > 0
+
+
+class TestSeederThreadSafety:
+    """Test thread safety of concurrent operations."""
+
+    def test_concurrent_start_calls_spawn_only_one_thread(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder, mock_dependencies
+    ):
+        barrier = threading.Event()
+
+        def slow_collect(*args):
+            barrier.wait(timeout=5.0)
+            return []
+
+        with patch(
+            "app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", side_effect=slow_collect
+        ):
+            results = []
+
+            def try_start():
+                results.append(fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",)))
+
+            threads = [threading.Thread(target=try_start) for _ in range(10)]
+            for t in threads:
+                t.start()
+            for t in threads:
+                t.join()
+
+            barrier.set()
+
+            assert sum(results) == 1
+
+    def test_get_status_safe_during_scan(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder, mock_dependencies
+    ):
+        barrier = threading.Event()
+        reached = threading.Event()
+
+        def slow_collect(*args):
+            reached.set()
+            barrier.wait(timeout=5.0)
+            return []
+
+        with patch(
+            "app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", side_effect=slow_collect
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            assert reached.wait(timeout=2.0)
+
+            statuses = []
+            for _ in range(100):
+                statuses.append(fresh_seeder.get_status())
+
+            barrier.set()
+
+            assert all(
+                s.state in (State.RUNNING, State.IDLE, State.CANCELLING)
+                for s in statuses
+            )
+
+
+class TestSeederMarkMissing:
+    """Test mark_missing_outside_prefixes behavior."""
+
+    def test_mark_missing_when_idle(self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder):
+        with (
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.dependencies_available", return_value=True),
+            patch(
+                "app.assets.seeder.get_all_known_prefixes",
+                return_value=["/models", "/input", "/output"],
+            ),
+            patch(
+                "app.assets.seeder.mark_missing_outside_prefixes_safely", return_value=5
+            ) as mock_mark,
+        ):
+            result = fresh_seeder.mark_missing_outside_prefixes()
+            assert result == 5
+            mock_mark.assert_called_once_with(["/models", "/input", "/output"])
+
+    def test_mark_missing_returns_zero_when_running(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder, mock_dependencies
+    ):
+        barrier = threading.Event()
+        reached = threading.Event()
+
+        def slow_collect(*args):
+            reached.set()
+            barrier.wait(timeout=5.0)
+            return []
+
+        with patch(
+            "app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", side_effect=slow_collect
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            assert reached.wait(timeout=2.0)
+
+            result = fresh_seeder.mark_missing_outside_prefixes()
+            assert result == 0
+
+            barrier.set()
+
+    def test_mark_missing_returns_zero_when_dependencies_unavailable(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder
+    ):
+        with patch("app.assets.seeder.dependencies_available", return_value=False):
+            result = fresh_seeder.mark_missing_outside_prefixes()
+            assert result == 0
+
+    def test_prune_first_flag_triggers_mark_missing_before_scan(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder
+    ):
+        call_order = []
+
+        def track_mark(prefixes):
+            call_order.append("mark_missing")
+            return 3
+
+        def track_sync(root):
+            call_order.append(f"sync_{root}")
+            return set()
+
+        with (
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.dependencies_available", return_value=True),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.get_all_known_prefixes", return_value=["/models"]),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.mark_missing_outside_prefixes_safely", side_effect=track_mark),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.sync_root_safely", side_effect=track_sync),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", return_value=[]),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.build_stub_specs", return_value=([], set(), 0)),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.insert_asset_specs", return_value=0),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.get_unenriched_assets_for_roots", return_value=[]),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.enrich_assets_batch", return_value=(0, 0)),
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",), prune_first=True)
+            fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+
+            assert call_order[0] == "mark_missing"
+            assert "sync_models" in call_order
+
+
+class TestSeederPhases:
+    """Test phased scanning behavior."""
+
+    def test_start_fast_only_runs_fast_phase(self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder):
+        """Verify start_fast only runs the fast phase."""
+        fast_called = []
+        enrich_called = []
+
+        def track_fast(*args, **kwargs):
+            fast_called.append(True)
+            return ([], set(), 0)
+
+        def track_enrich(*args, **kwargs):
+            enrich_called.append(True)
+            return []
+
+        with (
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.dependencies_available", return_value=True),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.sync_root_safely", return_value=set()),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", return_value=[]),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.build_stub_specs", side_effect=track_fast),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.insert_asset_specs", return_value=0),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.get_unenriched_assets_for_roots", side_effect=track_enrich),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.enrich_assets_batch", return_value=(0, 0)),
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start_fast(roots=("models",))
+            fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+
+            assert len(fast_called) == 1
+            assert len(enrich_called) == 0
+
+    def test_start_enrich_only_runs_enrich_phase(self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder):
+        """Verify start_enrich only runs the enrich phase."""
+        fast_called = []
+        enrich_called = []
+
+        def track_fast(*args, **kwargs):
+            fast_called.append(True)
+            return ([], set(), 0)
+
+        def track_enrich(*args, **kwargs):
+            enrich_called.append(True)
+            return []
+
+        with (
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.dependencies_available", return_value=True),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.sync_root_safely", return_value=set()),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", return_value=[]),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.build_stub_specs", side_effect=track_fast),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.insert_asset_specs", return_value=0),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.get_unenriched_assets_for_roots", side_effect=track_enrich),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.enrich_assets_batch", return_value=(0, 0)),
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start_enrich(roots=("models",))
+            fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+
+            assert len(fast_called) == 0
+            assert len(enrich_called) == 1
+
+    def test_full_scan_runs_both_phases(self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder):
+        """Verify full scan runs both fast and enrich phases."""
+        fast_called = []
+        enrich_called = []
+
+        def track_fast(*args, **kwargs):
+            fast_called.append(True)
+            return ([], set(), 0)
+
+        def track_enrich(*args, **kwargs):
+            enrich_called.append(True)
+            return []
+
+        with (
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.dependencies_available", return_value=True),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.sync_root_safely", return_value=set()),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", return_value=[]),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.build_stub_specs", side_effect=track_fast),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.insert_asset_specs", return_value=0),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.get_unenriched_assets_for_roots", side_effect=track_enrich),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.enrich_assets_batch", return_value=(0, 0)),
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",), phase=ScanPhase.FULL)
+            fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+
+            assert len(fast_called) == 1
+            assert len(enrich_called) == 1
+
+
+class TestSeederPauseResume:
+    """Test pause/resume behavior."""
+
+    def test_pause_transitions_to_paused(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder, mock_dependencies
+    ):
+        barrier = threading.Event()
+        reached = threading.Event()
+
+        def slow_collect(*args):
+            reached.set()
+            barrier.wait(timeout=5.0)
+            return []
+
+        with patch(
+            "app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", side_effect=slow_collect
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            assert reached.wait(timeout=2.0)
+
+            paused = fresh_seeder.pause()
+            assert paused is True
+            assert fresh_seeder.get_status().state == State.PAUSED
+
+            barrier.set()
+
+    def test_pause_when_idle_returns_false(self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder):
+        paused = fresh_seeder.pause()
+        assert paused is False
+
+    def test_resume_returns_to_running(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder, mock_dependencies
+    ):
+        barrier = threading.Event()
+        reached = threading.Event()
+
+        def slow_collect(*args):
+            reached.set()
+            barrier.wait(timeout=5.0)
+            return []
+
+        with patch(
+            "app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", side_effect=slow_collect
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            assert reached.wait(timeout=2.0)
+
+            fresh_seeder.pause()
+            assert fresh_seeder.get_status().state == State.PAUSED
+
+            resumed = fresh_seeder.resume()
+            assert resumed is True
+            assert fresh_seeder.get_status().state == State.RUNNING
+
+            barrier.set()
+
+    def test_resume_when_not_paused_returns_false(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder, mock_dependencies
+    ):
+        barrier = threading.Event()
+        reached = threading.Event()
+
+        def slow_collect(*args):
+            reached.set()
+            barrier.wait(timeout=5.0)
+            return []
+
+        with patch(
+            "app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", side_effect=slow_collect
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            assert reached.wait(timeout=2.0)
+
+            resumed = fresh_seeder.resume()
+            assert resumed is False
+
+            barrier.set()
+
+    def test_cancel_while_paused_works(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder, mock_dependencies
+    ):
+        barrier = threading.Event()
+        reached_checkpoint = threading.Event()
+
+        def slow_collect(*args):
+            reached_checkpoint.set()
+            barrier.wait(timeout=5.0)
+            return []
+
+        with patch(
+            "app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", side_effect=slow_collect
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            assert reached_checkpoint.wait(timeout=2.0)
+
+            fresh_seeder.pause()
+            assert fresh_seeder.get_status().state == State.PAUSED
+
+            cancelled = fresh_seeder.cancel()
+            assert cancelled is True
+
+            barrier.set()
+            fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+            assert fresh_seeder.get_status().state == State.IDLE
+
+class TestSeederStopRestart:
+    """Test stop and restart behavior."""
+
+    def test_stop_is_alias_for_cancel(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder, mock_dependencies
+    ):
+        barrier = threading.Event()
+        reached = threading.Event()
+
+        def slow_collect(*args):
+            reached.set()
+            barrier.wait(timeout=5.0)
+            return []
+
+        with patch(
+            "app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", side_effect=slow_collect
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            assert reached.wait(timeout=2.0)
+
+            stopped = fresh_seeder.stop()
+            assert stopped is True
+            assert fresh_seeder.get_status().state == State.CANCELLING
+
+            barrier.set()
+
+    def test_restart_cancels_and_starts_new_scan(
+        self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder, mock_dependencies
+    ):
+        barrier = threading.Event()
+        reached = threading.Event()
+        start_count = 0
+
+        def slow_collect(*args):
+            nonlocal start_count
+            start_count += 1
+            if start_count == 1:
+                reached.set()
+                barrier.wait(timeout=5.0)
+            return []
+
+        with patch(
+            "app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", side_effect=slow_collect
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            assert reached.wait(timeout=2.0)
+
+            barrier.set()
+            restarted = fresh_seeder.restart()
+            assert restarted is True
+
+            fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+            assert start_count == 2
+
+    def test_restart_preserves_previous_params(self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder):
+        """Verify restart uses previous params when not overridden."""
+        collected_roots = []
+
+        def track_collect(roots):
+            collected_roots.append(roots)
+            return []
+
+        with (
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.dependencies_available", return_value=True),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.sync_root_safely", return_value=set()),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", side_effect=track_collect),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.build_stub_specs", return_value=([], set(), 0)),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.insert_asset_specs", return_value=0),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.get_unenriched_assets_for_roots", return_value=[]),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.enrich_assets_batch", return_value=(0, 0)),
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("input", "output"))
+            fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+
+            fresh_seeder.restart()
+            fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+
+            assert len(collected_roots) == 2
+            assert collected_roots[0] == ("input", "output")
+            assert collected_roots[1] == ("input", "output")
+
+    def test_restart_can_override_params(self, fresh_seeder: AssetSeeder):
+        """Verify restart can override previous params."""
+        collected_roots = []
+
+        def track_collect(roots):
+            collected_roots.append(roots)
+            return []
+
+        with (
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.dependencies_available", return_value=True),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.sync_root_safely", return_value=set()),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.collect_paths_for_roots", side_effect=track_collect),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.build_stub_specs", return_value=([], set(), 0)),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.insert_asset_specs", return_value=0),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.get_unenriched_assets_for_roots", return_value=[]),
+            patch("app.assets.seeder.enrich_assets_batch", return_value=(0, 0)),
+        ):
+            fresh_seeder.start(roots=("models",))
+            fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+
+            fresh_seeder.restart(roots=("input",))
+            fresh_seeder.wait(timeout=5.0)
+
+            assert len(collected_roots) == 2
+            assert collected_roots[0] == ("models",)
+            assert collected_roots[1] == ("input",)